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It is time we discussed the science behind the phase out of fossil fuels; by when and which fuel
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The green industrialisation agenda has been growing in prominence in recent years. As a goal, this agenda is crucial for developing countries as it can unite the aims of decarbonisation, development and structural transformation. In the eleventh episode of Carbon Politics, a video podcast series by the Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Avantika Goswami is joined by Ilias Alami, Assistant Professor in the Political Economy of Development at the University of Cambridge. They discuss the growing relevance of green industrialisation and the challenges and opportunities for developing economies to advance this agenda for their own aims.
What green industrialisation means
Ilias Alami (IA): Let\u2019s briefly unpack the two terms. Industrialisation, simply defined, is the transformation of an economy from being largely based around agriculture to one based on industry and manufacturing. In other words, industrialisation is about the structural transformation of economies towards higher productivity activities which allow them to become more stable, more diversified and therefore, more resilient.
Next, the \u2018green\u2019 in green industrialisation refers to a few things. One, it is a recognition that the precise historical conditions that enabled developed countries to industrialise can no longer be replicated today. The historical process of industrialisation relied on the extensive consumption of natural resources and energy, particularly fossil fuels, without any regard for ecological systems or planetary boundaries, and is completely incompatible with the imperative of environmental sustainability.
The second thing that \u2018green\u2019 refers to is the fact that the green transition presents a strategic opportunity for industrialisation. Some countries could industrialise by inserting themselves into renewable energy and clean technology supply chains. Countries could also utilise clean energy generation to develop competitive industries. Finally, \u2018green\u2019 also means that industrialisation efforts today should be oriented towards achieving a form of economic growth that is ecologically sustainable, respects planetary boundaries and improves resource efficiency.
This can mean different things for countries depending on their economic structure and their position in the global economy. For developed economies that are facing a declining industrial base, green industrialisation is about re-industrialising, developing new technologies, decarbonising the economy, building climate-resilient supply chains, and moving towards more circular economies.
On the other hand, for countries that are largely or entirely dependent on primary commodity exports, green industrialisation is about economic diversification and moving towards a more sophisticated economic structure by greening the economy and, perhaps, even becoming early adopters of green technologies or early movers into green industries.
Why this agenda is crucial for the Global South
IA: Green industrialisation is particularly important for the Global South for at least three reasons. First, historically, industrialisation has been the material basis for large and rapid development gains and improvements in standards of living. For many economists, industrialisation and structural transformation remain fundamental for development and for building stable and robust economies.
The second reason is that the competition over clean technologies is intensifying\u2014especially between richer countries situated largely in the Global North and East Asia. The risk here is that these countries will end up controlling all the important technologies, intellectual property, green industrial capacities and supply chains for the green transition.
This means developing countries could become relegated to the position of importers of clean technologies or to the position of exporters of raw materials like critical minerals. In other words, if green industrialisation does not occur in the Global South, the transition to a low carbon economy would deepen the very familiar relations of economic and technological dependency between the richer and the poorer world.
The third, and perhaps the most obvious reason, is that many developing countries are particularly exposed to the effects of climate change. This is translating into very difficult living conditions for people, particularly the poor, which can worsen class inequality. Decarbonisation and structural transformation, then, for developing countries, is a matter of economic survival in the warming world, but it is also about reducing class inequalities to ensure a degree of social justice and political stability.
Barriers faced by developing countries in pursuing green industrial goals
IA: There are at least four barriers to be discussed here. The first one is that industrialising today is probably more difficult than ever. In the current stage of capitalism, global manufacturing employment is undergoing a long-term structural decline as a share of total employment. Moreover, China has scale, cost advantages, and incredibly sophisticated supply chains across virtually all segments of manufacturing and industrial sectors\u2014and it is not leaving room for other countries to step in. In this context, it is difficult for developing countries to move into green manufacturing supply chains.
The second obstacle is financing, wherein developing countries have relatively limited fiscal powers and face financing and balance of payment constraints. The constraints relate to the subordinate position of developing countries in the global economy and in the global financial and monetary system. Without going into the details, these constraints make sovereign borrowing unreliable and expensive for developing countries. Furthermore, this drastically increases the cost of capital for green industrialisation projects. In other words, it is really expensive to finance manufacturing projects or projects for energy and green infrastructure in the Global South.
The additional problem here is that these private financing constraints are not compensated by international public finance from developed economies. In fact, foreign aid budgets, including climate finance, are insufficient in terms of scale, volume and speed to address the climate crisis. In addition, they are rapidly declining and will continue to do so in the near future.
The third barrier that developing countries face is the problem of being dependent on foreign technologies and firms, again, largely concentrated in the Global North and East Asia. It is difficult to industrialise by leveraging technologies that are owned by other actors in the short term\u2014while not becoming completely dependent on those technologies over the long term. Therefore, breaking the cycle of technological dependency is a real challenge.
The fourth barrier is that developing countries tend to have limited policy autonomy and limited state capacity. This matters because green industrialisation is essentially a planning question. It is about planning for long term development strategies for the green economy. It involves planning for the downscaling of carbon-intensive and fossil-based activities, as well as the provision of goods and services in an environmentally sustainable way. Therefore, this requires a lot of policy autonomy and state capacity, which can take a long time to build. The other problem is that policy autonomy can be difficult to maintain in a highly unequal global economy and a collapsing world order with an incredibly erratic hegemon, i.e., the United States.
How the Global South can advance their green industrialisation aims
IA: At the national level, there are a few policy options that developing countries can explore. First, they should continue experimenting with ambitious state intervention and extensive mobilisation of state ownership to strategically drive a green transition in a socially just and democratic manner. Many developing countries are already re-embracing policy and development banks, state enterprises, setting up sovereign wealth funds, and state-backed venture capital funds.
Second, they should maximise the mobilisation of domestic resources. This will require enforcing fair and just tax systems to mobilise resources domestically and to prevent capital flight. Third, many developing countries will need to rely on external finance and investment to finance their green industrial ambitions, which means that it is crucial for these countries to attract international industrial firms as well as financial investors. Now, the challenge here is to do this in a way that retains a good degree of control and strategic orientation to plan the long-term process of green transformation.
Moreover, the collapsing world order is both a barrier and an opportunity for furthering green industrial ambitions. We are clearly in a new period of geopolitical competition. Developing countries could leverage this geopolitical context to negotiate better financing terms and technological transfers and foster a form of localisation of industrial capacities and co-development of green technologies with those external partners.
There is also the question of China\u2019s clean technology boom being an opportunity for developing countries. Already, many developing countries are rapidly adopting solar panels and other cheap green technologies coming from China. This could create the opportunity for reducing US dollar dependence for expensive and unreliable fossil fuels imports, thus creating significant headroom in national budgets. This in turn, would soften constraints on balance of payments and free up fiscal space for financing development strategies in the Global South. However, taking advantage of this would require careful development planning and macroeconomic management.
Finally, in terms of international actions, developing countries should continue building strategic coalitions to push for more policy space and policy autonomy, to conduct ambitious and coordinated green industrial policies, and to push for reform of the international financial and monetary system. An important aspect here would be to launch a range of international initiatives that push for delivering public finance and debt relief from the Global North to the Global South.
This article is an edited version of the eleventh episode of the Carbon Politics podcast. Watch the episode here.
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As industrial policy reshapes pathways, COP processes risk irrelevance unless they adapt. The Belem Declaration highlights the need for multilateral efforts.","push-notification-title":"Green Industrialisation: A Key Player in Climate Talks","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Rudrath Avinashi / CSE","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-12-22/q58tuoou/PXL20251110121935533.MP.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f/element/862391a1-e2aa-428f-b160-fe124aa20954","type":"text","family-id":"fc152e57-088e-4b4e-9025-a353e861b37b","title":"","id":"862391a1-e2aa-428f-b160-fe124aa20954","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"Green industrialisation is emerging as the organising principle of economic strategy across multilateral forums
Yet the global climate regime has failed to meaningfully integrate this shift into climate governance
As industrial policy reshapes decarbonisation pathways, COP processes risk being sidelined unless they catch up
There is growing convergence among experts and institutions around the world today that the decarbonisation agenda will struggle without industrial transformation\u2014and that industrial transformation, in turn, will fail without policy, planning and cooperation.
Green industrialisation is therefore increasingly being framed as the organising principle of economic strategy. This is being articulated in political declarations, multilateral development reports, long-standing development debates, and new analyses focused on the industrial capabilities of countries.
Yet the climate regime remains largely untouched by this recognition, and the gap is becoming untenable.
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The Industrial Development Report 2026, United Nations Industrial Development Organization\u2019s flagship report, stresses the renewed centrality of industrialisation in development thinking. It repeatedly links future industrialisation to the energy transition and environmental efficiency, suggesting that \u2018green\u2019 is not a qualifier but a defining characteristic. Its emphasis on capability gaps, regional differentiation and long-term structural transformation reflects an understanding of green industrialisation as a systemic, multi-decade process.
The G20, too, is referencing \u201Csustainable industrial policy\u201D, stressing the need for value addition and supply-chain development, particularly around critical minerals and clean technologies.
A G20-linked policy brief authored by institutions including Institute for Economic Justice, International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa, University of Oxford, School of Oriental and African Studies, and Industry, Infrastructures, and Innovation for Strategic Transformation or i3T focuses on the constraints that industrial policy is facing globally.
Trade rules, investment agreements, intellectual property regimes and financial architecture are identified as barriers that shape who can pursue green industrial strategies and who cannot. The message here, too, is that global rules have not caught up with the urgency of transformation being demanded, especially for developing countries.
Thus, there appears to be a degree of convergence in these discussions\u2014from calls to remove international constraints on industrial policy to efforts to map the potential for building clean-technology manufacturing capabilities or make high-level declarations on green industrialisation. A few commonalities across forums are telling. Green industrialisation is being highlighted as:
necessary for decarbonisation,
central to development and employment,
dependent on policy space and coordination, and
already shaping global competition and supply chains.
The Belem Declaration on Global Green Industrialisation, adopted at 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was yet another avenue where green industrialisation is explicitly elevated as a necessary condition for meeting Paris goals. The declaration links climate outcomes to industrial supply chains, while also stressing that green industrialisation must avoid deepening inequalities. It calls for a multilateral effort to advance the green industrialisation agenda.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f/element/54ff8de1-e366-469f-88ec-311edbeab2af","type":"text","family-id":"3e6eeb53-32ce-4f05-97d8-b68c09f24294","title":"","id":"54ff8de1-e366-469f-88ec-311edbeab2af","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"99c60744-17b3-467f-b1a2-8382f11c2fc4","linked-story":{"updated-at":1764046069723,"author-name":"Simon Chin-Yee","headline":"Cop30: five reasons the UN climate conference failed to deliver on its \u2018people\u2019s summit\u2019 promise","story-content-id":"99c60744-17b3-467f-b1a2-8382f11c2fc4","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/cop30-five-reasons-the-un-climate-conference-failed-to-deliver-on-its-peoples-summit-promise","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1764046071702,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/pGmTrJ0TNrAqdxAb4TJgdGYLxt7SZXJqXgMcHcRjsxzbfaS0Xqh0a0CG4M6KMCmG","status":"published","id":"99c60744-17b3-467f-b1a2-8382f11c2fc4","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cop30-five-reasons-the-un-climate-conference-failed-to-deliver-on-its-peoples-summit-promise","author-id":2371107,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"blog","authors":[{"id":2371107,"name":"Simon Chin-Yee","email":"s.chin-yee@ucl.ac.uk","highlighted-name":null},{"id":1941435,"name":"Mark Maslin","email":"95607_cse@india.org","highlighted-name":null},{"id":2371108,"name":"Priti Parikh","email":"ti.parikh@ucl.ac.uk","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"pGmTrJ0TNrAqdxAb4TJgdGYLxt7SZXJqXgMcHcRjsxzbfaS0Xqh0a0CG4M6KMCmG","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"Cop30: five reasons the UN climate conference failed to deliver on its \u2018people\u2019s summit\u2019 promise"}],"card-updated-at":1766405256023,"content-version-id":"a29e78a9-127c-40d0-9cec-420cbee842a3","card-added-at":1766400475730,"status":"draft","id":"08d6373d-6d4b-43de-89d1-7b8ec180d61f","content-id":"08d6373d-6d4b-43de-89d1-7b8ec180d61f","version":20,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Why green industrialisation can no longer sit outside climate talks","message":"Green industrialisation is crucial for decarbonisation, yet climate talks lag in integrating it. As industrial policy reshapes pathways, COP processes risk irrelevance unless they adapt. The Belem Declaration highlights the need for multilateral efforts.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-12-22/q58tuoou/PXL20251110121935533.MP.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Rudrath Avinashi / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":4032,"height":3024,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":6577810,"file-name":"PXL20251110121935533.MP.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f/element/dbb7ea41-95c7-4abd-b320-3add607e6c22","type":"text","family-id":"952ff3a8-2f2b-437d-82cd-3d809f99c07c","title":"","id":"dbb7ea41-95c7-4abd-b320-3add607e6c22","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The centrality of industrial policy has long been emphasised across several distinct spaces, each approaching the agenda from a different starting point.
Among experts, one strand of discussion has focused on questions of policy space and structural asymmetries in the global economy. Some scholars are examining the green transition through a political-economy lens, leading to newer insights on green industrialisation and its contours.
Ahumada and Chang, for instance, situate the push for green industrialisation within a broad structural context. They note that countries in the Global North are increasingly using industrial policy to manage strategic competition and security concerns by deploying subsidies, trade measures and standards, largely insulated from multilateral discipline. In contrast, countries in the Global South continue to face tighter constraints, shaped by historical disadvantages and existing trade and investment rules. This asymmetry, they argue, risks locking developing countries into import-dependent pathways. Addressing it, they suggest, requires revisiting ideas associated with the New International Economic Order (NIEO), framing green industrialisation both as a sovereign development right and as a global necessity for climate-compatible development.
Similar concerns surface in more applied discussions on development and industrialisation. In a recent interview, Ha-Joon Chang argues that many developing countries have not failed because industrialisation is no longer viable, but because they did not undertake the sustained process of building productive capabilities in the first place.
Our new research series, Towards a New Green World from Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment, flips the lens to climate policy itself and highlights the need for economic resilience and green industrialisation to be central to the climate agenda for developing countries. Calling for decarbonisation without these agendas is no longer viable, and the Global South must be empowered to capture greater value, diversify their economies and shape the governance of emerging green industries.
Economists have also attempted construct frameworks to ensure that green industrial policy efforts are held to the test of progressive values related to sustainable resource use, democratic control of production, and ecological justice; others have done the same to conceptualise green industrial policy more holistically in line with the mission of human and natural flourishing.
Another strand of expert work is more operational. Initiatives such as the Clean Industrial Capabilities Explorer (CICE) start from the premise that green industrialisation is already unfolding as a competitive process. The emphasis here is on practical positioning within clean-technology value chains. This kind of work focuses on identifying where existing industrial capabilities can be built upon.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f/element/49e804eb-987b-4523-a0d3-34a102448b75","type":"text","family-id":"db3c53ae-21cf-462e-b8ee-99864b350ea5","title":"","id":"49e804eb-987b-4523-a0d3-34a102448b75","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"86123581-e794-44ec-a312-a98ed9191df1","linked-story":{"updated-at":1764068799319,"author-name":"Shagun","headline":"Promises fade as COP30 offers little for food systems, sidesteps agricultural emissions","story-content-id":"86123581-e794-44ec-a312-a98ed9191df1","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/promises-fade-as-cop30-offers-little-for-food-systems-sidesteps-agricultural-emissions","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1764068818944,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/Jr1YoALaUgpxFr3UMwubPLmb52b9rYh2s3vIX-c0enkVjt3_nCrXmBgLXBZw07fm","status":"published","id":"86123581-e794-44ec-a312-a98ed9191df1","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/promises-fade-as-cop30-offers-little-for-food-systems-sidesteps-agricultural-emissions","author-id":1944822,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"text","authors":[{"id":1944822,"name":"Shagun","email":"shagun.kapil@cseindia.org","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"Jr1YoALaUgpxFr3UMwubPLmb52b9rYh2s3vIX-c0enkVjt3_nCrXmBgLXBZw07fm","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"Promises fade as COP30 offers little for food systems, sidesteps agricultural emissions"}],"card-updated-at":1766486459459,"content-version-id":"46f109a6-195b-4e50-9580-843a666d9363","card-added-at":1766400475730,"status":"draft","id":"24ecd68c-0831-43ee-9a04-220883c9cc46","content-id":"24ecd68c-0831-43ee-9a04-220883c9cc46","version":13,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Why green industrialisation can no longer sit outside climate talks","message":"Green industrialisation is crucial for decarbonisation, yet climate talks lag in integrating it. As industrial policy reshapes pathways, COP processes risk irrelevance unless they adapt. The Belem Declaration highlights the need for multilateral efforts.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-12-22/q58tuoou/PXL20251110121935533.MP.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Rudrath Avinashi / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":4032,"height":3024,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":6577810,"file-name":"PXL20251110121935533.MP.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/955ed67a-a2cc-4763-ac59-be084794306f/element/a350afac-4ec1-4db0-91f5-3d0a2c341199","type":"text","family-id":"0bb24e6f-3089-40fb-a59e-185af46803e6","title":"","id":"a350afac-4ec1-4db0-91f5-3d0a2c341199","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The UNFCCC process today treats industry and manufacturing largely as a sector limited to discussions under mitigation action, not as a development and political economy question. The climate regime continues to operate as if industrial outcomes will emerge organically from measures such as carbon pricing, targets and voluntary action, without confronting who produces clean technologies, where value is captured and on what terms.
The Belem Declaration acknowledges this gap in a limited way, but the absence of this conversation risks leaving the climate regime on the sidelines of an agenda that will be shaped elsewhere.
There is potential to amplify this agenda in existing and upcoming spaces within the UNFCCC, such as the new trade and climate dialogues kicking off in Bonn next year and discussions to shape the new mechanism for just transition. Outside of, and parallel to, the UNFCCC, discussions on a roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels \u2014 spearheaded either under the Brazilian banner or through Colombia\u2019s conference in April \u2014 must consider the question of green industrialisation to map out viable alternative pathways to prosperity as countries leave fossil-heavy growth paths behind.
Brazil\u2019s upcoming Integrated Forum on Climate Change and Trade, too, must consider this as a pillar in relation to green industrialisation and trade.
At its core, the focus on green industrialisation reflects a shift in how the green transition is being understood \u2014 not in terms of emission targets alone, but also as a production challenge: who makes clean technologies, how supply chains are organised, where value is added and who benefits economically.
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implementation. It was an opportunity for the world to move beyond diagnosis to delivery. Instead it revealed a system struggling to prove its relevance","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1764580467853,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Jaidev Sharma","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":229795,"file-name":"24.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":591,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1764582907721,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"COP of talk","id":"745a8dbd-ea2e-4aa9-8602-a8e036e59659","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-12-01/o5t7or25/24.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/745a8dbd-ea2e-4aa9-8602-a8e036e59659/element/05bf83fd-4ecd-4ffe-b0c3-e4ef770bf2e4","type":"text","family-id":"2086a9a3-71cf-46eb-bfae-c7981b9d7812","title":"","id":"05bf83fd-4ecd-4ffe-b0c3-e4ef770bf2e4","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Each year brings high expectations from the UN\u2019s climate summit\u2014and rightly so. Each year the crisis deepens. This year the urgency has peaked, according to reports released ahead of the gathering of leaders, diplomats and negotiators in Bel\u00E9m, a Brazilian city on the edge of the Amazon, for the 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The World Meteorological Organization said 2025 is on track to be the second- or third-warmest year on record, extending an alarming run of exceptional temperatures. The UN Environment Programme\u2019s \u201CEmissions Gap Report\u201D warned that the world is heading for 2.8\u00B0C of warming and that global temperatures are likely to exceed 1.5\u00B0C above pre-industrial levels within the next decade. Overshooting that threshold will unleash spiralling, unchecked climate impacts. COP30 acknowledged that more climate action is needed\u00AD\u2014then failed to provide it.
On November 22, the Brazilian presidency gaveled through the final Bel\u00E9m Political Package. Its key outcomes included a new mechanism for international co-operation on a just transition, vague language on tripling adaptation finance by 2035, and a work programme (under Article 9 of the Paris Agreement) to scrutinise finance provided by developed countries to help developing ones mitigate and adapt to climate change. Notably absent was any reference to transitioning away from fossil fuels. Brazil has instead shunted the issue into a roadmap, to be discussed later. Ending deforestation is another roadmap launched at COP30. Although the just-transition mechanism is a win for developing countries and civil-society groups that championed it, the outcome on adaptation finance is far hazier.
The collective strength of the G77 (a coalition of 134 developing countries) and China was on display. Yet the disruptive tactics of some developed countries\u2014including attempts to scapegoat large developing economies as \u201Cblockers\u201D of climate ambition and to divide and rule developing blocs\u2014exposed a crisis of legitimacy in the COP process. It is increasingly unclear whom it serves, or whether it remains fit for purpose. Claims that developing countries are blocking ambition ring hollow when China is rolling out the world\u2019s largest clean-technology programme and India is rapidly adding renewable capacity.
The highly polarised atmosphere does little to foster the consensus and co-operation desperately needed in a fast-warming world. Rather than focusing on enabling the implementation of existing national climate pledges through long-overdue financial pledges, the Global North continued to posture as a climate leader even as many of its own nationally determined contributions remain inadequate. Small wonder that, although on its first day the Brazilian presidency managed something many recent summits failed to do\u2014avoid the customary \u201Cagenda fight\u201D and start on a seemingly co-operative note\u2014the same could not be said of the ending two weeks later. However, in a diplomatic move, the presidency bundled together several key demands of developing countries that could not make it onto the main agenda items for negotiation and released the Global Mutir\u00E3o decision (mutir\u00E3o being Portuguese for \u201Ccollective effort\u201D). These include four contentious issues\u00AD\u2014provision of climate finance by developed countries, responding to 1.5\u00B0C ambition and implementation gap, transparency arrangements under the Paris Agreement and addressing concerns over climate-related unilateral trade measures.
The outcome was aptly summed up by UN secretary-general, Ant\u00F3nio Guterres: \u201CI cannot pretend that COP30 has delivered everything that is needed. The gap between where we are and what science demands remains dangerously wide.\u201D
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talks briefly suspended due to objections"]},"story":{"updated-at":1763838206384,"seo":{"meta-title":"COP30 Outcome: New Just Transition Mechanism Unveiled Amidst Objections","meta-description":"COP30 Outcome: New just transition mechanism adopted amid objections, plenary suspended.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":11295855,"name":"COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11508073,"name":"UNFCCC COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc-cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12349295,"name":"COP30 Belem","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30-belem","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":13345186,"name":"Andr\u00E9 Aranha Corr\u00EAa do Lago","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"andr\u00E9-aranha-corr\u00EAa-do-lago","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"COP30: New just transition mechanism delivered in closing plenary; talks briefly suspended due to objections","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"52d154cc-6a82-4980-836a-7c33b2502f10","slug":"climate-change/cop30-new-just-transition-mechanism-delivered-in-closing-plenary-talks-suspended-due-to-objections","last-published-at":1763836115093,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"Several Parties, including the AILAC group and the EU, object to text on GGA","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1763835033663,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1200,"height":750,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":128240,"file-name":"COP30-Huddle.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":561,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1763836115093,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1763838208905,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"COP30: New just transition mechanism delivered in closing plenary; talks suspended due to objections","id":"52d154cc-6a82-4980-836a-7c33b2502f10","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-22/uzw81dq5/COP30-Huddle.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/52d154cc-6a82-4980-836a-7c33b2502f10/element/ba308b09-d8d8-4004-ac5a-75ae775798fb","type":"text","family-id":"dd7fcecd-f5f5-499d-9315-3d5ec7e9149c","title":"","id":"ba308b09-d8d8-4004-ac5a-75ae775798fb","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"On the afternoon on November 22 in Belem, Brazil, COP30 President Andre Correa do Lago gavelled the final outcomes at the end of the two-week-long climate summit. Among the highlights of the \u2018package\u2019 of decisions adopted include a new mechanism on international cooperation for a just transition, language on tripling flows of adaptation finance by 2035, and a new work programme to scrutinise finance flows under Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. Notable in its absence is the reference to fossil fuels. However, this was referenced in a new process initiated by the Brazilian Presidency \u2014 two roadmaps on forests and transition away from fossil fuels.
The overall cover decision referred to as the Global Mutirao \u2014 roughly meaning collective effort \u2014 retains earlier language on adaptation finance but now explicitly reaffirms the commitment to doubling adaptation finance by 2025 while also calling for its tripling by 2035. It introduces a new paragraph on Article 9.1 (para 54), maintaining its placement within the broader Article 9 context. On the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance, it retains the creation of a two-year work programme, with the addition of specifying co-chairs from one developed and one developing country. However, the text retains the footnote that says \u201Cwithout prejudging the process for the implementation of the new collective quantified goal on climate finance\u201D.
On the Baku to Belem Roadmap to $1.3 trillion, the language is slightly softened, while the call for developed countries to lead in mobilising $300 billion per year by 2035 remains. Elements on encouraging voluntary contributions from a wider set of Parties, tripling annual outflows from key UNFCCC funds by 2030, references to Article 2.1(c) and the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage remain unchanged.
On unilateral trade measures, the Mutirao text references Article 3.5 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and then decides to hold three dialogues in the next three years at the Bonn mid-year conference \u201Cto consider opportunities, challenges and barriers in relation to enhancing international cooperation related to the role of trade\u201D.
On the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), the draft decision text adopts the full set of indicators. However, several Parties, including the AILAC group and the EU, have objected to the text. Developing countries stressed that the text is weak on means of implementation. Countries also raised concerns that many of the changes to the indicators, introduced only recently, could not be sufficiently discussed or negotiated.
Text on the Just Transition Work Programme includes a decision to develop, but not yet establish, a just transition mechanism whose purpose is to enhance international cooperation, technical assistance, capacity-building, and knowledge-sharing. Countries are asked to work towards recommending a draft text at the 64th Subsidiary Body meeting in Bonn next year, in order to operationalise the mechanism at COP31. But the actual timeline of operationalisation remains unclear. Notably, the outcome contains no reference to unilateral trade measures and does not include the obligation of developed countries to provide the means of implementation to developing countries, despite these being key demands from developing countries.
While these texts were gavelled through at the closing plenary by COP30 President do Lago, objections from Parties to various elements including the lack of formal language on fossil fuels, and a disappointing outcome on the GGA led to a suspension of the plenary, briefly, but the plenary was resumed, and remaining matters were adopted.
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The adaptation finance is to be public and grant-based, yet details on responsible actors remain unclear, raising questions about implementation.","push-notification-title":"COP30 Proposes Tripling Adaptation Finance, Just Transition Mechanism","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Rafa Neddermeyer / COP30 Brasil Amaz\u00F4nia / PR","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"COP30: Tripling of adaptation finance, just transition mechanism proposed in much anticipated new texts","id":"ac92c07f-3049-4528-b01e-8d2fd041a0e1","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-21/ad4zphzu/COP30","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ac92c07f-3049-4528-b01e-8d2fd041a0e1/element/df252e71-5c1a-4946-af6d-b3e09b012f71","type":"text","family-id":"ec244f19-e113-4dda-9a35-6c36e76ee63c","title":"","id":"df252e71-5c1a-4946-af6d-b3e09b012f71","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"On November 21, COP30 unveiled new texts, highlighting a proposal to triple adaptation finance by 2030 and introducing a just transition mechanism.
The texts, however, omit the roadmap for transitioning away from fossil fuels.
Adaptation finance is to be primarily public and grant-based, but lacks clarity on responsible actors for the tripling.
In the early hours of November 21, 2025, the 30th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30) finally released a fresh set of draft texts after two days of silence and closed-door talks, offering the first real glimpse of how the outcome in Belem may take shape.
The new Global Mutirao text has reduced the number of options across the four issues drastically, compared to the November 18 version. The previously floated roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels is left out of the new iteration.
On climate finance, the new text suggests a two-year work programme on Article 9.1, but specifies, \u2018in the context of Article 9 as a whole\u2019. In a footnote to the seven-page document, it also states that the Mutirao decision does not prejudge the implementation of the New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance (NCQG); in contrast to the previous iteration.
The new text also drops language on \u2018operationalising Article 9.1\u2019 completely. It \u2018takes note\u2019 of the Baku to Belem Roadmap to $1.3 trillion, and acknowledges the need to focus on mobilisation of the $300 bn under the NCQG. Overall, finance language in the new text is watered down.
On unilateral trade measures, the new text chooses one of the options from the older text \u2014 hold a dialogue at the sidelines of the sessions of the subsidiary bodies every year for the next three years from 2026, among Parties as well as external stakeholders.
The point on adaptation finance for developing countries to come primarily as public, grant-based and highly concessional finance is included. The decision highlights the need to triple adaptation finance compared to 2025 levels by 2030. However, it does not specify which actors should drive this tripling.
The new text retains proposals to launch the \u2018Global Implementation Tracker\u2019 and \u2018Belem Mission to 1.5\u2019, aimed at scrutinising ambition and implementation of NDCs for reaching 1.5\u00B0C.
The draft decision establishes a just transition mechanism to boost international cooperation, technical assistance and capacity-building, but it does not secure additional or predictable finance from developed to developing countries.
The November 21 draft reflects major trade-offs: Language on climate-related trade-restrictive unilateral measures, pushed by G77+China, like minded developing countries, African and Arab groups, has been dropped, but so has the \u2018transition away from fossil fuels\u2019 phrase supported by developed countries, Alliance of Small Island States and Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean.
Language on means of implementation is also softer, avoiding clear references to developed-country obligations. Other disputes, such as Paraguay and Argentina\u2019s objections to using the term \u2018gender\u2019, appear resolved, while all references to critical minerals, which China opposed, have been removed.
The new GGA draft adopts the Belem Adaptation Indicators, despite several developing countries calling for the list to be only \u2018taken note of\u2019. The adaptation text drops the entire section on the new adaptation finance goal, replacing it with a placeholder.
Reporting requirements are eased: Prescriptive links to BTRs and other instruments are deleted, \u2018requests\u2019 become \u2018invites\u2019, and the use of indicators is voluntary, addressing concerns about duplication and capacity limits.
All references to transboundary risks are removed, reflecting objections from countries like India and Pakistan. Post-Belem work is set as a two-year \u2018Belem-Addis vision\u2019, with some of the existing mechanism like the Adaptation Committee, tasked to refine methods and help countries test the indicators. The Baku Adaptation Roadmap will structure the follow-up work on the GGA.
The new text charts a future pathway for Article 2.1(c) talks, acknowledging \"no common interpretation\" and that it is \"no substitute\" for Article 9 finance. The text embeds certain developing country safeguards: Discussions under Article 2.1(c) must be nationally determined and non-prescriptive. It also launches the Veredas Dialogue, an open annual forum for continued deliberations on Article 2.1(c), scheduled for review in 2028.
On the Technology Implementation Programme, the latest Presidency draft leans toward developed country positions, narrowing the temperature goal and framing the programme as a complement to the existing technology mechanism.
While it outlines support functions, core disputes on Intellectual Property and trade barriers are elevated to ministerial levels, leaving the programme's ambition unresolved until a 2028 review.
With the new texts now out and the talks formally scheduled to end today, it\u2019s unclear how quickly Parties will reach consensus given the contentious streamlined drafts.
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The adaptation finance is to be public and grant-based, yet details on responsible actors remain unclear, raising questions about implementation.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-11-21/ad4zphzu/COP30","url":null,"attribution":"Rafa Neddermeyer / COP30 Brasil Amaz\u00F4nia / PR","alt-text":"COP30: Tripling of adaptation finance, just transition mechanism proposed in much anticipated new texts","caption":"With talks formally scheduled to end today, it\u2019s unclear how quickly Parties will reach consensus given the contentious streamlined drafts.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1473,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":404533,"file-name":"COP30"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cop30-tripling-of-adaptation-finance-just-transition-mechanism-proposed-in-much-awaited-new-texts","story-version-id":"4e9a01bc-3d5b-4838-8d9e-3609948d8ced","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1763731813560,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1941774,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1763731617313,"hero-image-caption":"With talks formally scheduled to end today, it\u2019s unclear how quickly Parties will reach consensus given the contentious streamlined drafts.","version":46,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1763731615696,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme 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Raheja","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.25523300_1695886373_photo_sehr.jpeg","bio":"Programme Officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944536,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"upamanyu-das","social":{},"name":"Upamanyu Das","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, CSE","id":2018720,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Preetha Banerjee"}},{"id":"45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["This week\u2019s major highlights from COP30"]},"story":{"updated-at":1763194100162,"seo":{"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Shagun","tags":[{"id":11295855,"name":"COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11508073,"name":"UNFCCC COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc-cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12349295,"name":"COP30 Belem","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30-belem","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"This week\u2019s major highlights from COP30","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c","slug":"climate-change/this-weeks-major-highlights-from-cop30","last-published-at":1763194103266,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The first week delivered progress on loss and damage and climate\u2013health action, even as disagreements over finance and just transition widened","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":4,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1763192204080,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1365,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":701745,"file-name":"54919997676320a6ac3f3k.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":586,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1763194103266,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":"COP30 in Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, saw a compromise on the agenda, avoiding initial disputes. Key issues like financial obligations under Article 9.1 remain unresolved, while the launch of the Loss and Damage Fund offers hope for vulnerable regions.","push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"UN Climate Change/ Kiara Worth","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/kedtradm/54919997676320a6ac3f3k.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"card-type":"introduction","story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/a507d9ca-5202-4ece-9fcf-afa5c7af651f","type":"text","family-id":"987cbf37-8d04-4b04-8598-c2511c6fa28a","title":"","id":"a507d9ca-5202-4ece-9fcf-afa5c7af651f","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change opened in Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, on 10 November 2025 and will run until 21 November. Here\u2019s a roundup of everything that unfolded during the first week of the global climate summit.
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"}],"card-updated-at":1763193528841,"content-version-id":"24a3cca4-57be-4071-9695-5dd264d71bc8","card-added-at":1763192204085,"status":"draft","id":"e8c54603-5f7c-44a1-94fd-3ec557b14ffb","content-id":"e8c54603-5f7c-44a1-94fd-3ec557b14ffb","version":44,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"This week\u2019s major highlights from COP30","message":"COP30 in Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, saw a compromise on the agenda, avoiding initial disputes. Key issues like financial obligations under Article 9.1 remain unresolved, while the launch of the Loss and Damage Fund offers hope for vulnerable regions.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/29mcu2zj/downtoearth2025-11-115wqpsh3oCOP30-Brasil.avif","url":null,"attribution":"Shagun/CSE","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1200,"height":636,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":39400,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-115wqpsh3oCOP30-Brasil.avif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/2872d4cf-b9ca-4295-81f3-b9ce19a829af","type":"title","family-id":"4d3695ab-4d97-4d9e-9fbd-d98fe4449105","title":"","id":"2872d4cf-b9ca-4295-81f3-b9ce19a829af","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"COP30: Call for loss & damage funding requests on Day 1 ray of hope for India\u2019s highly vulnerable areas"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1200,"height":644,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":284589,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-11cce8gn3gLoss-Damage.avif"},"page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/47746e1e-709f-4e41-9c26-68f091250c47","type":"image","family-id":"7443e324-f033-4f95-be5c-77d9191e2bae","image-attribution":"@Cop30noBrasil / X (formerly Twitter)","title":"","id":"47746e1e-709f-4e41-9c26-68f091250c47","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/bg3g0abt/downtoearth2025-11-11cce8gn3gLoss-Damage.avif","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/e1f17db3-e47d-40a5-ad1a-e49b286252d4","type":"text","family-id":"e50c7625-7fdc-4a8e-b06c-86ccb5ccdfd7","title":"","id":"e1f17db3-e47d-40a5-ad1a-e49b286252d4","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"On the opening day of the 30th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30) at Belem, Brazil, the \u2018Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage\u2019 took a historical step forward by launching its first call for funding requests under the Barbados Implementation Modalities.
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"}],"card-updated-at":1763193528841,"content-version-id":"b14d1256-d449-43fd-bd5f-fed8c1a83f22","card-added-at":1763192204085,"status":"draft","id":"d2ba7eea-afb4-4a08-bf35-0c84b31ef067","content-id":"d2ba7eea-afb4-4a08-bf35-0c84b31ef067","version":44,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"This week\u2019s major highlights from COP30","message":"COP30 in Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, saw a compromise on the agenda, avoiding initial disputes. Key issues like financial obligations under Article 9.1 remain unresolved, while the launch of the Loss and Damage Fund offers hope for vulnerable regions.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/hnbp7kjw/downtoearth2025-11-11xri3ghekCOP30.avif","url":null,"attribution":"Shagun/CSE","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1200,"height":751,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":331932,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-11xri3ghekCOP30.avif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/473be551-3287-44b8-b7a8-17912a98996c","type":"title","family-id":"ac8b9ad8-fb95-4254-8300-4106a158d6f5","title":"","id":"473be551-3287-44b8-b7a8-17912a98996c","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"COP30: Adaptation discussion opens with calls for finance, flexibility, focus on implementation"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":215257,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-12wqqdrh0hAmazon-drought.avif"},"page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/e02ec216-f204-4f60-be94-caa2dcccf71a","type":"image","family-id":"43a13e75-0570-455b-b782-f6b8ed98b3ca","image-attribution":"iStock","title":"","id":"e02ec216-f204-4f60-be94-caa2dcccf71a","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/ayvbvzcu/downtoearth2025-11-12wqqdrh0hAmazon-drought.avif","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/1f4806d5-f09c-4002-afd9-46c8292ffb33","type":"text","family-id":"37127b3a-a7a9-49b6-8189-0f6cd79d225f","title":"","id":"1f4806d5-f09c-4002-afd9-46c8292ffb33","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Negotiations on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) began with countries seeking to overcome political divides and work towards adopting a framework of indicators. Finance, support and flexibility in measuring adaptation progress were key priorities.
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Includes: informal GGA consultations; the Bel\u00E9m Declaration on Hunger, Poverty and People-Centred Climate Action.
Over two days, negotiators spent eight hours in closed-door talks on four unresolved issues: developed countries\u2019 financial obligations, the synthesis report on climate goals and the 1.5\u00B0C implementation gap, unilateral trade measures, and the transparency of national climate data.
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A new informal note on the GGA captured divergent views, while talks on Article 2.1(c) showed no consensus.
Also released:
IHLEG report outlining a $1.3 trillion per year climate finance roadmap, including $50 billion for just and equitable transitions
Launch of the \u2018Global Initiative for Jobs & Skills for the New Economy\u2019
Declaration on Information Integrity on Climate Change
The Presidency unveiled the Bel\u00E9m Health Action Plan, the first international climate-adaptation framework dedicated to health.
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"}],"card-updated-at":1763193528841,"content-version-id":"54792717-f563-4f21-95d6-9f3183c65a0d","card-added-at":1763192861998,"status":"draft","id":"5cdc0473-4e41-437b-b37a-0f52c949f425","content-id":"5cdc0473-4e41-437b-b37a-0f52c949f425","version":24,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"This week\u2019s major highlights from COP30","message":"COP30 in Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, saw a compromise on the agenda, avoiding initial disputes. Key issues like financial obligations under Article 9.1 remain unresolved, while the launch of the Loss and Damage Fund offers hope for vulnerable regions.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/r4hp1yr8/downtoearth2025-11-1429aomebyClimate-Health.avif","url":null,"attribution":"Author provided","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1200,"height":535,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":325046,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-1429aomebyClimate-Health.avif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/f7e16e43-9834-4b7f-b4dc-c01a419976c3","type":"title","family-id":"bb4168a9-83f5-4274-a37c-a97268271d5b","title":"","id":"f7e16e43-9834-4b7f-b4dc-c01a419976c3","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"COP30 Diary (November 13, 2025): Divisions emerge among Parties over Article 9.1 as Presidential Consultations continue for fourth day"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1200,"height":675,"mime-type":"image/avif","file-size":154705,"file-name":"downtoearth2025-11-14wjds9r7uCOP30.avif"},"page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/ca882667-038c-45f6-bbcb-fbaf83e4a980","type":"image","family-id":"1fa0bf9b-d9c9-4aba-89f0-7994fafe2413","image-attribution":"Shagun/CSE","title":"","id":"ca882667-038c-45f6-bbcb-fbaf83e4a980","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-15/11eikf79/downtoearth2025-11-14wjds9r7uCOP30.avif","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/45d98110-3424-456f-8eef-cfc40dc7980c/element/575f26f0-e86a-4b19-8354-69154969ef24","type":"text","family-id":"041ede90-729a-4859-944f-050968d2c0a6","title":"","id":"575f26f0-e86a-4b19-8354-69154969ef24","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Day 4 saw Parties seeking clearer direction from the Presidency. Discussions continued on the Just Transition Work Programme, the UAE dialogue on implementing the Global Stocktake, and Article 2.1(c), where progress was made on potential safeguards.
The Bel\u00E9m Health Action Plan was launched, alongside new projections that the number of people exposed to extreme heat could increase seven-fold by 2050.
The UAE\u2019s Just Transition Work Programme remains a major agenda item due to its cross-cutting nature and links to unilateral trade measures, additional finance and other means of implementation. Momentum on just transition has increased since COP29, reflected in discussions at the 62nd Subsidiary Body session in Bonn earlier this year.
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Das","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-08-19/t32v8mm7/1000271512.jpg","bio":"Climate & energy correspondent, specialising in climate finance, climate diplomacy, UNFCCC, fossil fuel, energy transition, renewable energy, electric mobility and critical minerals","id":2333320,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/t32v8mm7/1000271512.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"eb01109e-2899-4880-be20-7b51688e985d","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["The NDC death loop (Part 2): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world"]},"story":{"updated-at":1759910232687,"seo":{"meta-title":"Climate Governance Challenges: NDCs and Global South's Ambition at COP30","meta-description":"Climate Governance: Explore the challenges and proposals for reforming NDCs amid geopolitical tensions and 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South.","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1759906753830,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"Can ambitious NDCs truly drive climate action in a fractured world? Explore the challenges and proposals in Part 2 of our series.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2121,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1167216,"file-name":"iStock-1197788455.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1103,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":false}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1759909764614,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1759910234910,"summary":"As the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) approaches, the effectiveness of the current NDC framework under the Paris Agreement is under scrutiny. Experts argue that while ambitious targets are set, they often lack credible pathways, especially for the Global South. The call is for NDCs to evolve into strategic investment plans that align with national green growth aspirations, addressing the geopolitical and financial constraints faced by developing nations.","push-notification-title":"Can NDCs Drive Real Climate Action Amid Global Challenges?","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"iStock","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"eb01109e-2899-4880-be20-7b51688e985d","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-10-08/sd49kpv8/iStock-1197788455.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/eb01109e-2899-4880-be20-7b51688e985d/element/7da24f62-eeea-4b02-9f8c-85825c6728d6","type":"text","family-id":"c42f5fa4-d027-40d0-a0f9-d7bbb0b97a31","title":"","id":"7da24f62-eeea-4b02-9f8c-85825c6728d6","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"This is part two of a two-part series. Read the first part.
With climate impacts escalating, climate action remains one of the most urgent imperatives. Yet the architecture of climate governance and its global coordination and monitoring mechanisms \u2014 based on five-year cycles of self-determined national targets or NDCs under the 2015 Paris Agreement \u2014 faces strong headwinds: Military conflicts, trade wars, sovereign debt burdens and battered multilateralism.
As the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) approaches, this begs the question \u2014 is the cycle of demanding \u2018ambitious\u2019 NDCs hinged on emission-cutting targets serving the purpose of climate or low-carbon development, particularly for the Global South?
In Part 1, we laid out a non-exhaustive list of questions that cast doubt on the relevance and adaptiveness of the NDC process to the needs and priorities of the Global South and the current turbulent geopolitical order.
Various proposals have been raised to address the myriad perceived gaps in the climate governance process. There have been emerging discussions on reforming the UNFCCC process, remodelling NDCs as investments plans, testing out promising new ideas such as country platforms, defining what \u2018implementation\u2019 means and incorporating green industrial strategies closely linked to countries\u2019 green growth aspirations into the NDC process. Experts have also recommended that the UNFCCC should ask countries to show how they plan to make strategic investments as part of broader national plans for green development.
To seek further guidance, we approached veteran experts in climate governance for their reflections on this issue and their vision of climate planning for the Global South in a fractured world.
The key issue with current NDCs is whether or not they are real commitments, or like the net-zero targets \u2014 numbers announced without credible pathways to get there. Many developed countries, such as Australia and United Kingdom, are releasing ambitious new targets. This is very positive, but do they have concrete plans and benchmarks, or are they simply numbers for applause? How do you pledge a higher target without, for example, pledging to cease oil and gas production in some of these countries?
Moreover, past promises have not necessarily been met \u2014 be it previous targets by developed countries, or financing conditions in the conditional NDCs outlined by many developing countries. So new \u201Cambitious targets\u201D need to be held to the fire on past progress and credible pathways for the future. Climate change is real \u2014 our actions and pledges must be too.
NDCs are better understood as a focal point for national politics and policy than as a mechanism of international naming and shaming. To what extent and how can countries envision national political goals and interests \u2014 energy security, jobs, liveable cities, air pollution \u2014 lining up with lower-carbon pathways and greater resilience? What concrete measures make sense and what will they cost, financially and politically?
So framed, NDCs can be vehicles for channelling emergent conversations on green industrial policy. They could also, potentially, be the basis for a real conversation about financing needs and the obligations of the North. To play this role, NDCs would have to focus as much or more on \u2018how\u2019 as on \u2018what\u2019 and \u2018by when\u2019. And the Paris Agreement process would return to its true roots \u2014 an enabling rather than regulating framework.
The current cycle of voluntary pledges is a trap designed to fail the Global South. Demanding climate ambition from developing nations while historic polluters perpetually fail to deliver on their financial and technological commitments is fundamentally unjust.
Climate planning in the South must champion a green industrial strategy focused on resilient development and energy sovereignty. Civil society's demands must pivot from abstract targets to concrete justice: holding the Global North accountable for its climate debt. This is the only prerequisite for legitimate global climate action.
The Global South must raise its voice and call for the strict fulfilment of the Paris Agreement, urging developed countries to honour their historical responsibility for climate change by demonstrating their commitment to achieve carbon neutrality no later than 2030 and to move towards net-negative emissions thereafter.
This requires global pressure to ensure that the United States returns to the Paris Agreement and genuinely fulfils its obligations in confronting climate change. Any other path would impose an unjust climate transition. As developed countries expand military budgets and cut climate finance, civil society in the Global North must mobilise to redirect those resources towards defending life and the planet.
The Paris Agreement was possible, in large part, because of the pivot from a focus on sharing the burden of climate mitigation to capturing the benefits of climate action. However, a second pivot is now required \u2014 to move from climate co-benefits to policies that drive structural transformations. Yet developing countries face international system-level constraints, whether related to trade or finance, that crowd out space for industrial policies. Therefore, there needs to be a focus on addressing those constraints.
While the Paris Agreement provides an international legal framework for climate cooperation, its success will ultimately depend on efforts outside the climate regime to help align growth paths with development goals.
Clearly, high emission-reduction targets for NDCs alone cannot drive climate action in the Global South, especially when there are several limiting trends. As we understand, demand for localisation and protectionism is hardening in the Global South while the rule-based multilateral framework and international cooperation are weakening. Domestic resource needs are growing, while national budgets are strained due to high debt burdens, the high cost of capital and financial instability. When the demand for contextual solutions through domestic action is needed the most, economic vulnerability is weakening public and political support for ambitious NDCs.
There are no clear answers to these complexities in these changed times. While the Global South needs its own reform agenda, alternative financial mechanisms and innovative fiscal policies, it also has to leverage multipolar cooperation to influence the international financial architecture to lower its cost of finance, gain access to concessional funding and ensure more climate-aligned investments.
It will be interesting, however, to explore whether the NDCs can be leveraged to strengthen the negotiating power of the Global South if formulated with conditional demands \u2014 not only to unlock new economic opportunities and cooperation but also to set the terms of global politics to reinvent the multilateral framework and build more effective enablers. Is that too much to expect?
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/eb01109e-2899-4880-be20-7b51688e985d/element/16864873-779b-4d7f-b118-59ee9653eac2","type":"text","family-id":"cf0ab582-a583-4ed0-913b-427a52219da2","title":"","id":"16864873-779b-4d7f-b118-59ee9653eac2","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r"}],"card-updated-at":1759910229688,"content-version-id":"1d0b00a0-9a97-4d79-855c-74ae29e18bb8","card-added-at":1759906753836,"status":"draft","id":"f5811b0c-736b-4c22-85d3-05a3de87dffd","content-id":"f5811b0c-736b-4c22-85d3-05a3de87dffd","version":11,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 2): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":"As the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) approaches, the effectiveness of the current NDC framework under the Paris Agreement is under scrutiny. Experts argue that while ambitious targets are set, they often lack credible pathways, especially for the Global South. The call is for NDCs to evolve into strategic investment plans that align with national green growth aspirations, addressing the geopolitical and financial constraints faced by developing nations.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-08/sd49kpv8/iStock-1197788455.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":2121,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1167216,"file-name":"iStock-1197788455.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/the-ndc-death-loop-part-2-demands-for-ambition-disappointment-and-relevance-in-a-fractured-world","story-version-id":"d031903e-161c-406a-ade7-36e421cfd6db","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1759910234915,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1759909764614,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":12,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1759910229679,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world"]},"story":{"updated-at":1759923886330,"seo":{"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594213,"name":"Paris agreement","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"paris-agreement","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594414,"name":"Emission Targets","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"emission-targets","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594859,"name":"global south","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-south","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595024,"name":"energy transition","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"energy-transition","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595235,"name":"Climate finance","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-finance","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595380,"name":"Development","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"development","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9602494,"name":"multilateralism","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"multilateralism","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11295855,"name":"COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11508073,"name":"UNFCCC COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc-cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12349295,"name":"COP30 Belem","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30-belem","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":13715512,"name":"climate governance","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-governance","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92","slug":"climate-change/the-ndc-death-loop-part-1-demands-for-ambition-disappointment-and-relevance-in-a-fractured-world","last-published-at":1759850696141,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"As COP30 approaches, the current cycle of voluntary climate pledges is facing a crisis of relevance; climate governance needs to be reinvented, especially for the Global South","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1759839212012,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1169,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1759850696141,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1759923888317,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"iStock","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/cd8e2e8a-82f6-4add-a27c-f50485bb9920","type":"text","family-id":"89186831-4a83-4dd5-9a82-d8693034edd3","title":"","id":"cd8e2e8a-82f6-4add-a27c-f50485bb9920","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"As COP30 nears, the Paris Agreement\u2019s system of voluntary national climate pledges faces a deep crisis of credibility.
The \u201CNDC death loop\u201D of ambition, disappointment, and renewed demands is undermining trust in climate governance.
Developing nations struggle to meet escalating emission targets amid shrinking global cooperation and inadequate finance.
The Global South\u2019s core development needs \u2014 energy access, industrialisation, and equitable growth \u2014 remain largely ignored.
Climate ambition must be redefined to reflect diverse national pathways, not just higher emission cuts.
This is part one of a two-part series. Read the second part.
"}],"card-updated-at":1759910208637,"content-version-id":"7fe10c42-61d8-4099-bbdd-b1de37d78d26","card-added-at":1759839212019,"status":"draft","id":"e373bb37-7831-4b06-a69b-d9ada3308e9f","content-id":"e373bb37-7831-4b06-a69b-d9ada3308e9f","version":20,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/6e84e5ca-33b2-471a-946d-a91e2eeb224a","type":"text","family-id":"efed05fd-59de-4cd3-b253-42acd1171216","title":"","id":"6e84e5ca-33b2-471a-946d-a91e2eeb224a","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"With climate impacts escalating, climate action remains one of the most urgent imperatives. Yet the architecture of climate governance and its global coordination and monitoring mechanisms \u2014 based on five-year cycles of self-determined national targets or NDCs under the 2015 Paris Agreement \u2014 faces strong headwinds: Military conflicts, trade wars, sovereign debt burdens and battered multilateralism.
As the 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) approaches, this begs the question \u2014 is the cycle of demanding \u2018ambitious\u2019 NDCs hinged on emission-cutting targets serving the purpose of climate or low-carbon development, particularly for the Global South?
"}],"card-updated-at":1759842042031,"content-version-id":"a21eaeb8-1ca3-4c40-b350-52415e291aa0","card-added-at":1759839244531,"status":"draft","id":"08c26c1c-0683-4adb-bc02-c20765e581bc","content-id":"08c26c1c-0683-4adb-bc02-c20765e581bc","version":18,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/39a97d34-6aac-40a2-b577-41bdbec793ce","type":"text","family-id":"56f090df-c4f5-46b7-9fd1-6ce67a7232bf","title":"","id":"39a97d34-6aac-40a2-b577-41bdbec793ce","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Before the Paris Agreement, the world was on track for a much higher level of warming, over 4 degrees Celsius (\u00B0C) above pre-industrial levels; but experts suggest that pledges brought estimates down to approximately 2.7\u00B0C. Moreover, country NDCs have potentially created positive and predictable demand signals for clean technology investment and proliferation worldwide. Yet the lack of consideration for differentiated trajectories across countries and the neglect of development aspirations of the Global South reveal crucial gaps in the architecture.
Paris marked a shift from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which imposed top-down differentiated targets based on countries\u2019 development levels. The Paris model, seen as more politically feasible by articulating nationally determined \u201Ccontributions\u201D rather than commitments, sought to mobilise \u201Ccoalitions of the willing\u201D (unlike Kyoto, where major developed countries like the United States resisted legally binding higher targets).
A decade later, however, we are meeting neither global climate goals nor the development aspirations of the Global South.
The pattern repeats: Civil society and multilateral actors demand \u201Cstrong, ambitious NDCs\u201D; governments launch lukewarm targets with pomp; observers dissect and shame them for their lack of ambition; few achieve even the weak goals and calls for greater ambition return. This \u2018NDC death loop\u2019 must be broken.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":733,"height":642,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":52276,"file-name":"Death-loop-1.png"},"page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/acdbd869-61ae-4e9c-8658-944b4fef23d7","type":"image","family-id":"10283805-5270-4938-9101-14fb3f791189","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"acdbd869-61ae-4e9c-8658-944b4fef23d7","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/1pxwv7ps/Death-loop-1.png","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/cec17561-36db-4c5f-a8ff-951a37c21040","type":"text","family-id":"3e2c171c-869d-4f56-8144-57fd5350c273","title":"","id":"cec17561-36db-4c5f-a8ff-951a37c21040","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Further, in a year marked by disruptions to multilateral agreements unprecedented in the modern era and a televised genocide, we find our visions clouded by further questions, which we address below.
"}],"card-updated-at":1759842042031,"content-version-id":"6ea15e34-2251-411a-bbe1-cd20ea6310e1","card-added-at":1759839267049,"status":"draft","id":"36ed4623-c430-4db2-9870-ef3d959359c5","content-id":"36ed4623-c430-4db2-9870-ef3d959359c5","version":17,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/1pxwv7ps/Death-loop-1.png","url":null,"attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":733,"height":642,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":52276,"file-name":"Death-loop-1.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/00501106-6ab0-4732-9853-1fe3891ec634","type":"text","family-id":"8e6f42bf-29ee-44a0-be38-a5473c18a8ca","title":"","id":"00501106-6ab0-4732-9853-1fe3891ec634","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"What is the relevance of asking for higher emissions-reduction targets from countries being battered by competing crises and with little (and further retreating) international cooperation to assist the transition? One estimate suggested that the NDCs of 91 countries representing 51 per cent of the global population list about $1.6 trillion as funds needed to achieve their \u201Cconditional\u201D pledges.
Assuming this may roughly be for the period 2022-2030, it translates to about $178 billion annually. The latest estimate for climate finance provided by developed countries was $115.9 billion in 2022 \u2014 an inadequate sum, especially considering that the $1.6 trillion applies to 91 countries only and the cumulative figure will be larger.
A counter-argument is that NDCs must be presented with greater detail on costed items to attract finance, or must be produced as \u201Cinvestible plans\u201D. Developing countries with already constrained government capacity are providing a high level of detail, as illustrated by Sudan\u2019s NDC.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1213,"height":518,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":66024,"file-name":"Death-loop-4.png"},"page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/3422c270-73cc-406c-9e87-b4a02c616fa0","type":"image","family-id":"20c7afe0-02e9-440b-ae8e-a8dd48e88fc6","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"3422c270-73cc-406c-9e87-b4a02c616fa0","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-10-08/yjsedub3/Death-loop-4.png","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":916,"height":529,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":127061,"file-name":"Death-loop-3.png"},"page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/529e58d2-87d6-42a7-bbc1-b5637c2c1f62","type":"image","family-id":"b2fc8eb3-90f6-438b-96d4-fbe566aefcc3","image-attribution":"Republic of Sudan, UNFCCC","title":"Snapshot of sectoral mitigation costing outlined in Sudan\u2019s NDC","id":"529e58d2-87d6-42a7-bbc1-b5637c2c1f62","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/xjwta9ps/Death-loop-3.png","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1759910208637,"content-version-id":"96777f9a-0254-447f-9484-c0ee44a5ef44","card-added-at":1759839563399,"status":"draft","id":"0343bd5e-5770-415f-a4bd-f3ae32433202","content-id":"0343bd5e-5770-415f-a4bd-f3ae32433202","version":15,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-08/yjsedub3/Death-loop-4.png","url":null,"attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1213,"height":518,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":66024,"file-name":"Death-loop-4.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/ab915a53-d56f-4f28-96f6-de98009fb5ba","type":"text","family-id":"cd356204-c501-49c0-913f-b321eebe6a46","title":"","id":"ab915a53-d56f-4f28-96f6-de98009fb5ba","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The document states that \u201CGiven the difficult economic circumstances Sudan is currently facing, the government will strive to cover 15 per cent of the estimated cost of NDC implementation\u201D, which means that the expectation is that 85 per cent, or $0.7 billion, will be sought annually from external sources.
While individual climate finance disbursements for countries are not reported, one could look at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) figures for climate-related development finance to Sudan to find past trajectories indicating that only around 20 per cent of this has been committed (ie, $0.14 billion). Future flows need to scale up substantially.
When countries have provided detailed investment plans even beyond the UNFCCC\u2019s purview, such as Indonesia\u2019s Just Energy Transition Partnership, the outcome has been a donor-dictated negotiation that translates to minimal actual flow of funds. The bottom-up Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan (CIPP) produced by Indonesia has run into disagreements, with the government raising concerns about high-interest loans primarily offered by donors and donor governments objecting to Indonesia\u2019s energy transition trajectory outlined in the investment plan. Conditionalities to access concessional funding have been added, such as easing local-content rules. Only a fraction of the committed funds has been disbursed so far.
"}],"card-updated-at":1759909675860,"content-version-id":"28c107f3-96d1-4048-ab45-1a17e53f1c1c","card-added-at":1759840979255,"status":"draft","id":"beeb92c9-a271-4475-9388-cf02a740bb55","content-id":"beeb92c9-a271-4475-9388-cf02a740bb55","version":14,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/a91ec491-1ad7-4646-a1ec-7395b95745dc","type":"text","family-id":"1a3494f0-ae9f-4d6f-bfae-c9b0cb29ccbd","title":"","id":"a91ec491-1ad7-4646-a1ec-7395b95745dc","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The breakdown of multilateral norms by developed nations, as seen in their selective adherence to global agreements and the dilution of climate finance pledges, contrasts sharply with how developing countries remain bound by the moral scrutiny of the UNFCCC process \u2014 which remains crucial, but is maladapted to current times. How do we reckon with this dissonance?
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/c251b0b7-d147-4b79-b346-f8dd0b1cd108","type":"youtube-video","family-id":"882ed4b2-f6dc-40b5-9316-aa56e2dd910c","title":"","id":"c251b0b7-d147-4b79-b346-f8dd0b1cd108","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnGBwQ_UU20","embed-url":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OnGBwQ_UU20","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1759909675860,"content-version-id":"ad3df125-bebf-486e-b8d0-c59e5b356cc6","card-added-at":1759841118626,"status":"draft","id":"c281cbfb-d495-45ba-9a70-bedb501c9d19","content-id":"c281cbfb-d495-45ba-9a70-bedb501c9d19","version":11,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/c408eaae-6a08-4e21-a178-0d3ee89c1021","type":"text","family-id":"b67501ff-0c1c-496c-ac91-984fb23b1c57","title":"","id":"c408eaae-6a08-4e21-a178-0d3ee89c1021","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"How can NDCs be meaningful when they are essentially cyclical demands for higher emission-reduction targets and do not adequately address real barriers faced by developing countries \u2014 outdated trade rules, high capital costs, dependence on exports, impacts of unilateral trade measures? Moreover, framing NDCs solely as climate targets divorces them from countries\u2019 core development aspirations like industrialisation, growth and energy access.
This is neither compelling enough to secure support from domestic political constituencies and drivers of state action, nor is it sustainable in the long run in the face of global shocks. China\u2019s experience, treating green industrialisation as a strategy for competitiveness rather than solely for climate compliance, shows that framing matters.
"}],"card-updated-at":1759842042031,"content-version-id":"a33dfab5-b085-433e-ae35-7c12f5a577fa","card-added-at":1759841118626,"status":"draft","id":"4cbdf1ab-9973-4d64-bbc9-3aae5e04bac3","content-id":"4cbdf1ab-9973-4d64-bbc9-3aae5e04bac3","version":9,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/991d9fc6-009a-4050-8413-baca4a781860","type":"text","family-id":"68298488-0c46-442b-8c3b-bac78314e1ca","title":"","id":"991d9fc6-009a-4050-8413-baca4a781860","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The debate on \u2018ambition\u2019 is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway. BRICS countries, for instance, are expanding renewables even as they continue to rely on fossil fuels to secure energy access and growth. A similar green-and-brown duality is evident in other emerging economies \u2014 the Gulf countries\u2019 renewable investments and economic diversification aimed at hedging against oil dependence, China\u2019s powering of the green transition both domestically and globally, and India gradually raising renewables in its power mix while also pursuing clean-tech manufacturing policies, are cases in point. Should ambition continue to be measured only through higher targets, or should it also account for how developing countries pursue climate action through development-oriented, material contributions?
This list of observations is certainly non-exhaustive and straddles multiple questions like the subjectivity of assessing \u201Cclimate ambition\u201D while neglecting Global South growth trajectories, the situation of climate targets in the current turbulent and increasingly morally bankrupt world, and the treatment of climate as a siloed issue separate from other imperatives such as industrialisation and competitiveness.
"}],"card-updated-at":1759909675860,"content-version-id":"a1a8cea8-6a9e-4bb9-99f4-53cbd939135c","card-added-at":1759841118626,"status":"draft","id":"fc0fa415-7a2a-4113-b352-f4ea36d9ce42","content-id":"fc0fa415-7a2a-4113-b352-f4ea36d9ce42","version":10,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/3c885669-d8c6-4fca-9c9e-6cc782d8af09","type":"text","family-id":"a7d48d3b-6d24-4d16-8a60-ca6181b0dba1","title":"","id":"3c885669-d8c6-4fca-9c9e-6cc782d8af09","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"In Part 2, we open up the discussion further by asking a few experts to weigh in with their views.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e2f42a1e-bde2-4910-b2a5-72b41a51bd92/element/d56a93c8-6e13-4192-a3f8-d440a80b1a76","type":"text","family-id":"a548280a-9ebd-44ab-8c7e-2be3fd0f2d17","title":"","id":"d56a93c8-6e13-4192-a3f8-d440a80b1a76","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r"}],"card-updated-at":1759910208637,"content-version-id":"37e6e83d-a9fe-4785-8765-767cbeebb533","card-added-at":1759841118626,"status":"draft","id":"ffb874c1-8f8d-4e8b-bf65-93e370e600fe","content-id":"ffb874c1-8f8d-4e8b-bf65-93e370e600fe","version":10,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"The NDC death loop (Part 1): Demands for ambition, disappointment and relevance in a fractured world","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-10-07/mi6qapxi/iStock-839297178.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","metadata":{"width":2165,"height":1384,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":974810,"file-name":"iStock-839297178.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/the-ndc-death-loop-part-1-demands-for-ambition-disappointment-and-relevance-in-a-fractured-world","story-version-id":"a6cfd823-825b-4af1-9f22-9e59a99acb05","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1759923888322,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1759850696141,"hero-image-caption":"The debate on climate ambition is too often reduced to ever-higher emissions targets, overlooking the diverse transitions already underway.","version":28,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1759923884384,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?"]},"story":{"updated-at":1758807399976,"seo":{"meta-title":"China's Climate Reluctance: New NDC Falls Short of Global Leadership","meta-description":"China Climate Pledge: New NDC falls short of expectations, despite clean tech dominance.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594213,"name":"Paris agreement","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"paris-agreement","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594326,"name":"China","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"china","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595026,"name":"Emissions reduction","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"emissions-reduction","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9691075,"name":"climate pledge","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-pledge","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9692718,"name":"clean technology","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"clean-technology","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10269794,"name":"carbon neutrality","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"carbon-neutrality","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12193439,"name":"nationally determined contributions (NDCs)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":13692831,"name":"electrostate","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"electrostate","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":13692832,"name":"climate leadership","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-leadership","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07","slug":"climate-change/chinas-new-ndc-sidesteps-climate-stardom-what-explains-this-reluctance","last-published-at":1758807348094,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The country is powering the global energy transition, so why does its new climate pledge look so weak?","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/renewable-energy","id":72908,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Renewable Energy","collection":{"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","id":176105},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/energy","id":72897,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Energy","collection":{"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","id":176094},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1758804981552,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"China's new climate pledge falls short of expectations, raising questions about its leadership role.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":3773,"height":2796,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":835863,"file-name":"G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1263,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":false,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1758807348094,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1758807402589,"summary":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","push-notification-title":"China's New Climate Pledge: A Reluctant Step Forward?","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@XisMoments / X (Formerly Twitter)","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/id1u9xzt/G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/f5a2deaf-3c0d-42e0-a1b4-22e767e906e9","type":"text","family-id":"698d001d-49f9-456d-ab02-16e12175231e","title":"","id":"f5a2deaf-3c0d-42e0-a1b4-22e767e906e9","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"China unveils new climate pledge with modest 7\u201310% emissions cut from peak levels by 2035
Announcement introduces absolute reduction target for the first time
Analysts say China\u2019s renewable energy boom could far exceed stated goals
Lack of clarity on peak year and conservative targets spark criticism
World\u2019s largest emitter seen as reluctant to claim climate leadership
China\u2019s dominance in clean technology is enabling the global transition, yet its underwhelming climate pledge seems reluctant to acknowledge this.
The country unveiled its new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement in New York on September 24, 2025, following months of anticipation by observers. In April 2025, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced that China would submit a new NDC pegged to 2035, \u201Ccovering all economic sectors and all greenhouse gases before the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Belem, Brazil\u201D.
The announced set of targets encompasses the following:
Reduce economy-wide net greenhouse gas emissions by 7 per cent to 10 per cent from peak levels,
Increase the share of non-fossil fuels in total energy consumption to over 30 per cent,
Expand the installed capacity of wind and solar power to over six times the 2020 levels, striving to bring the total to 3,600 gigawatts,
Scale up the total forest-stock volume to over 24 billion cubic metres,
Make \u2018new energy vehicles\u2019 the mainstream in the sales of new vehicles;
Expand the national carbon emissions trading market to cover major high-emission sectors.
This extends some of the previous targets while adding new ones as well.
"},{"description":"","embed-js":"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","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/eb53b6e5-a101-4afd-8d3f-21549b0c70a4","type":"jsembed","family-id":"0bd995d2-437a-4652-8e00-2e068a88562d","title":"","id":"eb53b6e5-a101-4afd-8d3f-21549b0c70a4","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"24af8bee-a506-4353-88f2-a8cfe8b30b55","card-added-at":1758804981557,"status":"draft","id":"1be18759-3747-430c-83d5-d1fc0f64a54b","content-id":"1be18759-3747-430c-83d5-d1fc0f64a54b","version":13,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/id1u9xzt/G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@XisMoments / X (Formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":"Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism. ","metadata":{"width":3773,"height":2796,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":835863,"file-name":"G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/13b27898-2708-41b6-8673-6cf4501b9056","type":"text","family-id":"5ebe79d8-63db-450b-8a42-02b417b9dd98","title":"","id":"13b27898-2708-41b6-8673-6cf4501b9056","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"China\u2019s announcement of an absolute emissions reduction target is a first for the country, given that it had previously focused on intensity targets \u2014 similar to other emerging economies such as India, which face growing energy demand. While this may be taken as a positive, the 7-10 per cent reduction target is underwhelming for a country that has built up the technological and financial firepower to pursue low-carbon pathways.
The \u201Cpeak\u201D level of emissions has not been specified, perhaps intentionally. Some analysts estimate that China\u2019s emissions may already have peaked, while others project a likely peak between 2027 and 2030.
If one assumes that 2023 emissions were near peak at 15.94 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO\u2082e), this would result in 14.35-14.93 GtCO\u2082e in 2035, applying the 10 per cent and 7 per cent ranges. This would mean an absolute drop of 1.59-1.12 GtCO\u2082e \u2014 roughly equal to Indonesia\u2019s annual emissions in 2023 (1.2 GtCO\u2082e). Similarly, for an assumed peak of 2028, annual emissions could be 15.08-15.58 GtCO\u2082e in 2035.
"},{"description":"","embed-js":"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","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/d60de312-8576-4f39-ace9-4788493ef757","type":"jsembed","family-id":"f5881ba7-e4da-424d-8e1a-79e74abfe869","title":"","id":"d60de312-8576-4f39-ace9-4788493ef757","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"d8b3d2b4-0630-410f-8b82-6058965694f9","card-added-at":1758805120089,"status":"draft","id":"7900b12d-3e54-44ea-a910-cabf4e1cf407","content-id":"7900b12d-3e54-44ea-a910-cabf4e1cf407","version":10,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/id1u9xzt/G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@XisMoments / X (Formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":"Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism. ","metadata":{"width":3773,"height":2796,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":835863,"file-name":"G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/d37fbad1-9ebb-46ba-b13e-4932613e956d","type":"text","family-id":"79b8ccc1-84de-465e-b1d0-d30eeaba8efa","title":"","id":"d37fbad1-9ebb-46ba-b13e-4932613e956d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"UNEP\u2019s 2019 Emissions Gap Report estimated that global emissions must fall by 7.6 per cent annually from 2019 levels until 2030 to remain on track for the 1.5 degrees Celsius (\u00B0C) goal \u2014 equivalent to a reduction of around 2.2 GtCO\u2082e per year. For illustration, if 2023 were the peak year, with a 10 per cent reduction target for China, this could result in 0.13 GtCO\u2082e annual reductions \u2014 constituting just 6 per cent of the global annual emissions reductions needed for 1.5\u00B0C.
China\u2019s goal of increasing the share of non-fossil fuels in total energy consumption to over 30 per cent would mean raising the current share of 20 per cent (2024) to more than 30 per cent in the next decade. This target is likely to be exceeded, given that China has steadily raised non-fossil energy from 6 per cent in 2005 to 20 per cent in 2024.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":888,"height":508,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":94381,"file-name":"china-ndc-1.png"},"page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/b9d7bafa-c4ab-4407-9a53-dd601c6a58c9","type":"image","family-id":"b9a9282a-716e-4d0e-a8cf-9a3e72256cbe","image-attribution":"CSE Analysis, based on data from Our World in Data","title":"","id":"b9d7bafa-c4ab-4407-9a53-dd601c6a58c9","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/adi9vyvl/china-ndc-1.png","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"d2acd3fd-8012-4a66-8d63-29c6177a5be9","card-added-at":1758805162342,"status":"draft","id":"2524f7b2-615a-44b2-b876-9888102b9820","content-id":"2524f7b2-615a-44b2-b876-9888102b9820","version":8,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/adi9vyvl/china-ndc-1.png","url":null,"attribution":"CSE Analysis, based on data from Our World in Data","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":888,"height":508,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":94381,"file-name":"china-ndc-1.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/4525a493-e3ab-45fd-af55-edcad021ab43","type":"text","family-id":"c8048c98-ddc0-439d-a989-50a8ca109228","title":"","id":"4525a493-e3ab-45fd-af55-edcad021ab43","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"China\u2019s efforts to integrate more wind and solar energy between 2015 and 2024 in its energy mix have made it responsible for almost 39 per cent of the world\u2019s total installed capacity of each energy source. To put it in context, the combined installed solar capacities of Brazil, India, the United States and the EU 27 contribute around 37 per cent.
For its NDC goal of expanding \u201Cinstalled capacity of wind and solar power to over six times the 2020 levels, striving to bring the total to 3,600 gigawatts\u201D, experts point out that \u201Cmeeting the target requires less than 200 GW of solar and wind per year, versus 360 GW added in 2024 and even more expected this year \u2014 the target is likely to be exceeded dramatically.\u201D
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":904,"height":464,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":98848,"file-name":"CHina-NDC2.png"},"page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/ddc779c3-6137-4603-9447-e010d1a89f0d","type":"image","family-id":"7c22854a-6e22-4f72-a46c-b176e68a5742","image-attribution":"CSE Analysis, based on data from Our World in Data","title":"","id":"ddc779c3-6137-4603-9447-e010d1a89f0d","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/7yikyfcs/CHina-NDC2.png","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"62f362da-9cc3-4f4a-88cd-95333afd7345","card-added-at":1758805345061,"status":"draft","id":"a9d53b4a-dfab-4f0c-b0e1-507f9931f415","content-id":"a9d53b4a-dfab-4f0c-b0e1-507f9931f415","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/7yikyfcs/CHina-NDC2.png","url":null,"attribution":"CSE Analysis, based on data from Our World in Data","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":904,"height":464,"mime-type":"image/png","file-size":98848,"file-name":"CHina-NDC2.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/86bfdc53-86e0-44d3-9800-b9dc855ce0f1","type":"text","family-id":"7ee0e323-b428-4761-a9bb-773b52d553d7","title":"","id":"86bfdc53-86e0-44d3-9800-b9dc855ce0f1","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The goal of making \u2018new energy vehicles\u2019 (NEV) the mainstream in new vehicle sales is also achievable. The International Energy Agency points out: \u201Con a monthly basis, sales of electric cars have overtaken conventional car sales in the country since July 2024, bringing the share of electric car sales close to 50 per cent for the full year\u201D.
Additionally in 2025, \u201CNEV penetration of China\u2019s passenger vehicle market surged to 50.1 per cent, up 8.4 percentage points year-over-year, while ICE vehicle sales fell to 49.9 per cent in H1 2025\u201D.
"}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"21eed373-824d-4484-b5e7-d57d3bbd605a","card-added-at":1758805432089,"status":"draft","id":"a742ab23-d540-47a1-bb6b-997d0eef579e","content-id":"a742ab23-d540-47a1-bb6b-997d0eef579e","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/id1u9xzt/G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@XisMoments / X (Formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":"Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism. ","metadata":{"width":3773,"height":2796,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":835863,"file-name":"G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/43100065-3bdd-4ae8-a673-583ea7f77d76","type":"text","family-id":"a552deb9-1b05-4c9c-bf96-c046ea209a02","title":"","id":"43100065-3bdd-4ae8-a673-583ea7f77d76","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"China\u2019s NDC announcement was hotly anticipated for many reasons: While current climate impacts are attributed mainly to historical developed country polluters (China\u2019s historical emissions stand at 15 per cent of the world total), its role as the largest annual emitter today responsible for one-third of current annual emissions places it in the driving seat for where climate goals go in the coming decades.
Moreover, its positioning as the world\u2019s first electrostate is driving the global clean energy transition. In the context of the US\u2019 regression on climate, expectations were high for China to announce an ambitious NDC and signal its arrival as a climate leader to the world.
China has disappointed the world by offering lowballed, conservative targets that it may most likely overachieve in the coming years, thereby hesitating to accept the spotlight as a climate leader on the global stage. Observers have called China out for \u201Cplaying it safe\u201D, and for underselling its \u201Ccurrent clean energy boom\u201D. Recommendations for a better target stood at around 30 per cent cut to emissions to make Paris goals achievable.
The lack of definition of a \u2018peak\u2019 year for emissions and vague targets on mainstreaming EVs add to the calculated ambiguity that a country, whose growth is now driven by clean energy, can easily avoid.
The reasons for this may be as good as anyone\u2019s guess, ranging from turbulent geopolitics and a backtracking Western world leading to China not wanting to overplay its hand, to considerations of energy security and economic growth through high-polluting sectors such as steel and petrochemicals that remain an integral part of China\u2019s growth model.
It remains puzzling that the pure dominance that China has achieved in clean energy has translated into a missed opportunity of not deploying this dominance as a powerful tool through an ambitious NDC signal; particularly as a counter to a climate-denying US.
The statistics are mind-boggling: China\u2019s hold on over 80 per cent of global solar PV manufacturing, its accounting for about 75 per cent of global clean tech manufacturing investment, its rising clean tech exports, its $220 billion of global green FDI since 2022, and interestingly its role in \u2018exporting\u2019 emissions reductions abroad.
One may ask, does it really matter, given the real-economy investments and expansion of clean tech productive assets by China that are blanketing the world either way? One may also ask, that while Xi has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism, what does their disinterest in offering a \u201Cstrong\u201D NDC signal say about the multilateral climate regime where an ambitious NDC no longer truly represents a country\u2019s impact on global emissions?
Ultimately, while there is no doubt that the landscape of climate and energy politics will be shaped by China\u2019s actions in the coming decades, a bolder NDC target could have been the siren call announcing this climate leadership in a world desperately in need of it.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/3cc1a617-08a9-4321-915a-f4f5a9d7ed07/element/2f484796-a85f-45c0-a250-5f9bfdec3017","type":"text","family-id":"34e8879a-4152-4862-8da5-5da153acc5f9","title":"","id":"2f484796-a85f-45c0-a250-5f9bfdec3017","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi"}],"card-updated-at":1758805753670,"content-version-id":"dea8ad27-4237-4a22-8cf7-7fabf62eca67","card-added-at":1758805432089,"status":"draft","id":"0bcc3f33-5db7-4064-ad5e-357156411610","content-id":"0bcc3f33-5db7-4064-ad5e-357156411610","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"China\u2019s new NDC sidesteps climate stardom: What explains this reluctance?","message":"China's new Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, announced in New York, has sparked debate due to its conservative targets. Despite China's dominance in clean technology and its role as the largest annual emitter, the NDC aims for a modest 7-10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. This cautious approach, amid expectations for a more ambitious climate leadership stance, reflects China's balancing act between economic growth and environmental responsibility.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-25/id1u9xzt/G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@XisMoments / X (Formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":"Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism. ","metadata":{"width":3773,"height":2796,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":835863,"file-name":"G1qHzWxbcAEZ5SH.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/chinas-new-ndc-sidesteps-climate-stardom-what-explains-this-reluctance","story-version-id":"60ffe4bd-ed4f-4122-9311-bbfc7b424c7e","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1758810605050,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1758807348094,"hero-image-caption":"Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised his commitment to multilateralism. ","version":22,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1758807396991,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rudrath-avinashi","social":{},"name":"Rudrath Avinashi","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":2173444,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Five dynamics to watch in climate-trade agenda \u2014 and why equity matters"]},"story":{"updated-at":1758257285084,"seo":{"meta-title":"Climate-Trade Dynamics: Equity at the Heart of Brazil's COP30 Agenda","meta-description":"Climate-Trade Dynamics: Brazil's COP30 Presidency proposes a new forum to address equity in climate-trade discussions, focusing on Global South interests.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594859,"name":"global south","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-south","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9596367,"name":"World Trade Organization (WTO)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"world-trade-organization-wto","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599201,"name":"Climate Equity","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-equity","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9704348,"name":"United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-unfccc","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10304617,"name":"Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11295855,"name":"COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11508073,"name":"UNFCCC COP30","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc-cop30","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12344024,"name":"European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"european-union-deforestation-regulation-eudr","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12344026,"name":"trade justice","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"trade-justice","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12349295,"name":"COP30 Belem","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop30-belem","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12428634,"name":"Green industrialisation","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"green-industrialisation","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":13404319,"name":"Climate-trade agenda","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-trade-agenda","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Five dynamics to watch in climate-trade agenda \u2014 and why equity matters","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020","slug":"climate-change/five-dynamics-to-watch-in-climate-trade-agenda-and-why-equity-matters","linked-stories":{"13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620":{"author-name":"Jayanta Basu","headline":"I believe Belem will be the first COP of implementation. But we also want it to be a COP of adaptation and of turnaround:\u00A0Andr\u00E9 Aranha Corr\u00EAa do Lago","story-content-id":"13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620","slug":"climate-change/i-believe-belem-will-be-the-first-cop-of-implementation-but-we-also-want-it-to-be-a-cop-of-adaptation-and-of-turnaroundandr\u00E9-aranha-corr\u00EAa-do-lago","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1056,"height":704,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":87490,"file-name":"Bhupender.jpg"},"hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-09-04/j654wlcd/Bhupender.jpg","url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/i-believe-belem-will-be-the-first-cop-of-implementation-but-we-also-want-it-to-be-a-cop-of-adaptation-and-of-turnaroundandr\u00E9-aranha-corr\u00EAa-do-lago","content-updated-at":1756984529394,"author-id":1942380,"first-published-at":1756984529265,"authors":[{"slug":"jayanta-basu","social":{},"name":"Jayanta Basu","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.04645500_1573919496_11794426_10204337732397883_6931567047443046683_o.jpg","bio":"Jayanta Basu is a Kolkata-based freelance journalist","id":1942380,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}]}},"last-published-at":1758186126945,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The climate-trade agenda is emerging as a point of contention in multilateral spaces; the way forward must be co-developed with the Global South or risk sidelining climate justice","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":4,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1758178098419,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"Brazil's COP30 push for a climate-trade forum highlights equity concerns for the Global South.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2121,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1135911,"file-name":"iStock-2202863388.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":971,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":false}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1758186126945,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1758257287283,"summary":"Brazil's COP30 Presidency has proposed a new forum to address the intersection of climate and trade, emphasizing the need for equity and justice for the Global South. This initiative aims to prevent the repetition of past inequities seen in the 1990s trade-environment debates. Developing countries are concerned about unilateral measures like the EU's CBAM and deforestation rules, which could undermine climate justice and shrink policy space. The proposal calls for centering the interests of the Global South to ensure fair development priorities.","push-notification-title":"Brazil's COP30 Pushes for Climate-Trade Forum: Equity at Stake","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"iStock","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-09-18/bx5ure3f/iStock-2202863388.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020/element/f8456f0d-498e-45e3-992a-342eecc57462","type":"text","family-id":"fc47d1c9-e957-4cf0-ae2a-6ddc08ac3603","title":"","id":"f8456f0d-498e-45e3-992a-342eecc57462","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"Brazil\u2019s COP30 Presidency has proposed a new forum on climate and trade.
Inequities seen in 1990s trade\u2013environment debates should not be repeated, warns author.
Unilateral EU measures such as CBAM and deforestation rules risk undermining climate justice.
Tariff weaponisation and curbs on industrial policy shrink the Global South\u2019s policy space.
Calls grow for any new forum to centre equity, justice and the interests of the Global South.
A proposal by Brazil\u2019s Presidency for 30th Conference of Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to create a new forum to discuss climate and trade is a timely intervention and reflects responsiveness to spotlight crucial discussions during their tenure at the helm of the COP process. However, its consideration must weigh ongoing debates over the roles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and UNFCCC and ensure that the development priorities of the Global South are central. Any such space must be built with the Global South\u2019s buy-in to safeguard equity, climate justice and development needs.
The 1990s saw the convergence of the environment-trade agenda with global concerns for sustainable livestock rearing, fishing, forestry and air pollutants permeating trade discussions, often at the expense of trade and industry in developing countries, many of whom were and continue to be, indebted and poor. The result was an outcry from developing countries who occupied subordinate positions in global growth and governance.
In their 1992 book Towards a Green World, Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain of Delhi\u2019s Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) cautioned: \u201CHow does one decide in what circumstances are trade related actions justified for preventing environmental damage and when do these become arbitrary or protectionist? From the developing country viewpoint, an added concern is the growing power of international economic decision making and its own relative powerlessness in the process. This is just another thin edge of the wedge towards the erosion of national sovereignty\u201D.
While environmental harm has not been resolved, the climate question has risen in prominence in recent decades, in tandem with escalating greenhouse gas emissions and climate impacts. It is entangling itself with the trade agenda due to key policy interventions \u2014 mainly by the Global North and is playing out in ways uncannily similar to the 90s. Trade itself is deeply contested; adding climate, with its own political divides and power imbalances, creates a cross-cutting arena of diverging visions.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020/element/42d6c7b3-0194-4e27-a4c3-5095532eaf90","type":"text","family-id":"54b76f40-b04e-41f5-8fa9-cd92a7c57770","title":"","id":"42d6c7b3-0194-4e27-a4c3-5095532eaf90","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620","linked-story":{"updated-at":1756984527087,"author-name":"Jayanta Basu","headline":"I believe Belem will be the first COP of implementation. But we also want it to be a COP of adaptation and of turnaround:\u00A0Andr\u00E9 Aranha Corr\u00EAa do Lago","story-content-id":"13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/i-believe-belem-will-be-the-first-cop-of-implementation-but-we-also-want-it-to-be-a-cop-of-adaptation-and-of-turnaroundandr%C3%A9-aranha-corr%C3%AAa-do-lago","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1756984529265,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/ori5f_N4Ezp4jHSpcuP9NE0h9-h_gbOrcVcLCqNJ5R42qzF5jACCUiVdcVHD00N-","status":"published","id":"13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/i-believe-belem-will-be-the-first-cop-of-implementation-but-we-also-want-it-to-be-a-cop-of-adaptation-and-of-turnaroundandr%C3%A9-aranha-corr%C3%AAa-do-lago","author-id":1942380,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"interviews","authors":[{"id":1942380,"name":"Jayanta Basu","email":"jayantabasu.cal@gmail.com","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"ori5f_N4Ezp4jHSpcuP9NE0h9-h_gbOrcVcLCqNJ5R42qzF5jACCUiVdcVHD00N-","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"I believe Belem will be the first COP of implementation. But we also want it to be a COP of adaptation and of turnaround:\u00A0Andr\u00E9 Aranha Corr\u00EAa do Lago"}],"card-updated-at":1758257283338,"content-version-id":"a971e8b8-f53f-492b-9e03-d61807680d89","card-added-at":1758178098423,"status":"draft","id":"04a632bb-c21e-43c0-b6a3-5778c96e18df","content-id":"04a632bb-c21e-43c0-b6a3-5778c96e18df","version":11,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Five dynamics to watch in climate-trade agenda \u2014 and why equity matters","message":"Brazil's COP30 Presidency has proposed a new forum to address the intersection of climate and trade, emphasizing the need for equity and justice for the Global South. This initiative aims to prevent the repetition of past inequities seen in the 1990s trade-environment debates. Developing countries are concerned about unilateral measures like the EU's CBAM and deforestation rules, which could undermine climate justice and shrink policy space. The proposal calls for centering the interests of the Global South to ensure fair development priorities.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-18/bx5ure3f/iStock-2202863388.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"Unilateral EU rules, tariff weaponisation & limits on industrial policy risk sidelining equity and climate justice. ","metadata":{"width":2121,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1135911,"file-name":"iStock-2202863388.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020/element/4ca85c6e-3f44-4bdb-ae7c-7eb42e802f9d","type":"text","family-id":"e6985891-bb99-4678-abba-426f1224b736","title":"","id":"4ca85c6e-3f44-4bdb-ae7c-7eb42e802f9d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"As an observer of the converging trade-climate nexus at the multilateral level, I have outlined below five emerging dynamics that characterise this debate and that must be examined urgently.
Unilateral trade measures
Unilateral trade measures such as the carbon border adjustment mechanism and the deforestation regulation imposed by the European Union are likely to hit developing countries with additional costs and potentially hamper their trade competitiveness. In the event of non-provision of financial and technical assistance to make the transition, these measures shift the burden of environmental action to the Global South and violate the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Meanwhile, the positive impacts on their stated aims \u2014 reducing emissions and addressing deforestation \u2014 remain unproven and is likely to be negligible.
Weaponisation of tariffs
Arbitrary and politically motivated tariffs imposed by the United States are hitting exports in developing countries, with already visible impacts on small and medium-sized enterprises and producers. In bilateral trade discussions, the use of \u2018energy diplomacy\u2019, i.e. forcing countries to buy US-produced fossil fuels will hurt climate goals, while coercive rollback of key industrial policy tools such as mineral export bans will hurt growth prospects and shrink policy space further.
Green industrialisation agenda
The WTO-led trade regime penalises subsidies and import and export barriers that developing countries rely on to nurture new industries \u2014 tools once widely used by today\u2019s developed nations, as noted by economist Ha-Joon Chang. Green industrialisation in the South faces hurdles in the form of persistent dependencies. For example, as of 2010, five patent offices in the North plus China held 85 per cent of clean energy patents. While China\u2019s lead in green tech supports global climate goals, it also risks creating new dependencies, relegating the South to importing technology from the North and China while exporting raw materials and low-value goods.
Commodities trade: Minerals, forest and agriculture-based commodities
For commodities needed for the climate transition such as \u2018critical\u2019 minerals and commodities vulnerable to climate impacts such as forest products, unequal trade relations can lead to the upholding of status quo even in new deals that are being negotiated. Developing countries remain exporters of primary or raw materials without moving up the value chain and building domestic industries to benefit from their resource endowments.
Legacy fora exist, a new one may not solve old tensions
The paralysis of the WTO by the US and its limited provision to deliberate on climate change have left trade-climate issues homeless and in need of a multilateral space for discussion. The UNFCCC, having been ahead of its time, is certainly equipped to discuss trade, having written in trade considerations under Article 3.5. But the European Union has thus far prevented trade discussions from advancing at COP, despite the G77 \u2014 the largest bloc of developing countries \u2014 spotlighting the issue at recent climate summits.
There is no guarantee that a new forum will resolve old tensions \u2014 even more so if the forum is not a multilateral space and rather follows the current trend of smaller plurilateral groupings.
All is not lost, however; as awareness of the interlinkages between trade and climate grows, considerations of justice and equity can still be elevated to ensure that the Global South is not shortchanged. There is time yet to shape something that accounts for the best interests of the global majority.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ebf16820-56cb-4b63-b5f0-03c4cda2c020/element/5cb34155-21e6-42f6-b8d7-876a9bcac3a6","type":"text","family-id":"9aca5565-c10f-4db7-b6ee-a7ee8ad5d4b8","title":"","id":"5cb34155-21e6-42f6-b8d7-876a9bcac3a6","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r"}],"card-updated-at":1758179123772,"content-version-id":"51d6eba7-ad09-43f2-9358-93c58cbbca29","card-added-at":1758178288107,"status":"draft","id":"7220f993-536c-4c44-ab19-175a002e8cf8","content-id":"7220f993-536c-4c44-ab19-175a002e8cf8","version":9,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Five dynamics to watch in climate-trade agenda \u2014 and why equity matters","message":"Brazil's COP30 Presidency has proposed a new forum to address the intersection of climate and trade, emphasizing the need for equity and justice for the Global South. This initiative aims to prevent the repetition of past inequities seen in the 1990s trade-environment debates. Developing countries are concerned about unilateral measures like the EU's CBAM and deforestation rules, which could undermine climate justice and shrink policy space. The proposal calls for centering the interests of the Global South to ensure fair development priorities.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-09-18/bx5ure3f/iStock-2202863388.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"iStock","alt-text":null,"caption":"Unilateral EU rules, tariff weaponisation & limits on industrial policy risk sidelining equity and climate justice. ","metadata":{"width":2121,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1135911,"file-name":"iStock-2202863388.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/five-dynamics-to-watch-in-climate-trade-agenda-and-why-equity-matters","story-version-id":"19e7ab6c-f220-4f8b-8567-565641b37ba3","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1758257287287,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":["13417f0b-863a-4939-8e6a-bfafe149a620"],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1758186126945,"hero-image-caption":"Unilateral EU rules, tariff weaponisation & limits on industrial policy risk sidelining equity and climate justice. ","version":16,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1758257283331,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity"]},"story":{"updated-at":1755664469327,"seo":{"meta-title":"BRICS Unity: Global South's Path to Climate Justice and Solidarity","meta-description":"BRICS Unity: Global South must unite for climate justice amid trade tensions and multilateral challenges.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594321,"name":"BRICS","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"brics","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594859,"name":"global south","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-south","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9602494,"name":"multilateralism","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"multilateralism","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9603341,"name":"renewable","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"renewable","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9695458,"name":"bandung","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"bandung","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9704324,"name":"G77 and China","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"g77-and-china","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11144537,"name":"Donald Trump 2.0","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"donald-trump-20","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11438782,"name":"US Tariffs","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"us-tariffs","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12428633,"name":"Bandung Conference","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"bandung-conference","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":12428634,"name":"Green industrialisation","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"green-industrialisation","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d","slug":"climate-change/rebuilding-solidarity-brics-by-brics-forging-global-south-unity-for-climate-and-prosperity","last-published-at":1755609630048,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"In an increasingly fractured world of unilateralism and battered climate cooperation, civil society must make Global South cohesion a top climate agenda","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/energy","id":72897,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Energy","collection":{"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","id":176094},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/renewable-energy","id":72908,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Renewable Energy","collection":{"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","id":176105},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":7,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1755606534523,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"BRICS leaders unite to tackle climate and justice challenges amid global trade tensions.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1280,"height":720,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":175534,"file-name":"brics.jpg","focus-point":null},"comments":null,"word-count":1667,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":false}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1755609630048,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1755664470954,"summary":"In response to the challenges posed by Donald Trump's tariffs and the dismantling of multilateralism, BRICS leaders are uniting to defend the Global South's interests. Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","push-notification-title":"BRICS Leaders Unite: Global South's Call for Climate and Justice","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly Twitter)","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d/element/14d19ecb-3d2d-4bbd-bb8f-50942ce8f5f6","type":"text","family-id":"1aa79c15-54b6-45dd-ad12-313cfe01940b","title":"","id":"14d19ecb-3d2d-4bbd-bb8f-50942ce8f5f6","metadata":{},"subtype":"summary","text":"With Donald Trump\u2019s tariffs deepening fractures in global trade, BRICS leaders are rallying to defend multilateralism.
The Global South has a long, uneven history of solidarity, from Bandung till date, but unity remains fragile.
Climate, debt and green industrialisation present both common struggles and new opportunities.
Civil society must amplify shared aspirations and forge South\u2013South cooperation to turn today\u2019s polycrisis into lasting power.
With the latest round of punitive, mostly arbitrary tariffs imposed by United States President Donald Trump on trade partners, President Lula of Brazil announced that he would be speaking to BRICS leaders about the dismantling of multilateralism by the US regime. It was a rare instance of the bloc\u2019s leaders coming together to proactively address a common problem, but one that we should be seeing far more often.
Civil society must prioritise amplifying common struggles to foster Global South unity, enabling BRICS and other developing countries to lead in tackling climate change and today\u2019s pressing challenges with their own agency, voice and needs at the forefront.
"}],"card-updated-at":1755609627220,"content-version-id":"270a3e39-0a4d-4f06-a51d-e8ae640a1eca","card-added-at":1755606534526,"status":"draft","id":"26af0cbb-85ea-49a8-a67f-bb4de99a4c6a","content-id":"26af0cbb-85ea-49a8-a67f-bb4de99a4c6a","version":17,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity","message":"In response to the challenges posed by Donald Trump's tariffs and the dismantling of multilateralism, BRICS leaders are uniting to defend the Global South's interests. Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1280,"height":720,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":175534,"file-name":"brics.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d/element/b7e13353-a697-468e-b30b-9755f4b9f8e7","type":"text","family-id":"95fc8dcf-a6a2-476d-9ecd-47713bfd3956","title":"","id":"b7e13353-a697-468e-b30b-9755f4b9f8e7","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Countries of the developing world, often grouped as the Global South or in multilateral fora as the Group of 77 (G77), share histories of colonialism, underdevelopment and unequal power in global governance. Despite internal differences and heterogeneity, moments of unity have precipitated crucial moments of political change.
The 1955 Bandung Conference was a foundational moment, bringing together Southern countries to oppose colonialism and affirm non-alignment. Termed as achieving \u201Cmythical status\u201D by Filipino thinker Walden Bello, the conference united developing country leaders from a variety of political tendencies and geographies \u2014 Asian, pan-African, Arab, pro-Western, socialist, centrist, right-wing \u2014 to declare that \u201Ccolonialism in all its manifestations is an evil which should speedily be brought to an end\u201D.
A few decades later at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, developing countries played a decisive role in achieving adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), pushing for the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities to be enshrined in the Convention and placing development priorities at the heart of the environmental agenda.
The COVID-19 crisis again saw key acts of Global South power, including but not limited to India and South Africa spearheading the call for a TRIPS waiver at the World Trade Organization and Cuba sending medical staff to more than 40 countries. Subsequently, in 2022, at the 27th Conference of Parties (COP27) to the UNFCCC in Egypt, the G77 came together in fragile unity to win the establishment of a Loss and Damage Fund, the product of a 30-year struggle led by island states.
Around the same time, a series of Southern G20 presidencies \u2014 Indonesia, India, Brazil and South Africa \u2014 amplified key issues such as the debt crisis, the need to reform multilateral financial institutions and most recently, the imperative for green industrialisation and value addition. The 2025 BRICS declaration highlighted a commitment to multilateralism, greater voice for Emerging Market and Developing Economies in global governance and support for Palestinian self-determination.
"}],"card-updated-at":1755609627220,"content-version-id":"564bfd25-7e7f-45ba-a5da-36df01163b30","card-added-at":1755606556634,"status":"draft","id":"f99d966b-9664-401e-99c7-10665b11b3c1","content-id":"f99d966b-9664-401e-99c7-10665b11b3c1","version":19,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity","message":"In response to the challenges posed by Donald Trump's tariffs and the dismantling of multilateralism, BRICS leaders are uniting to defend the Global South's interests. Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1280,"height":720,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":175534,"file-name":"brics.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d/element/e2c8fd70-63dd-4f53-ab9b-30fe5944e3ef","type":"text","family-id":"f060c39f-19a3-4988-839a-02e2a198b504","title":"","id":"e2c8fd70-63dd-4f53-ab9b-30fe5944e3ef","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"These moments have unfolded against a backdrop of fragmented alliances and shifting partnerships across the Global South \u2014 underscoring that the South is far from a monolith. Changing domestic leadership, evolving geopolitics and the constant recalibration of trade and economic ties with the North have kept any enduring, unified coalition just out of reach.
More often than not, these shifting affiliations are exploited by Global North actors, including the media, to further drive wedges in Southern coalitions. A classic example is the decades-long effort to split the G77 in climate negotiations by singling out large, emerging economies as \u2018blockers\u2019 inhibiting ambition at the cost of island states and Least Developed Countries (LDC), a phenomenon that Sunita Narain, director general for Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), terms as \u201Cpitting the poor against the poor\u201D
At COP29 in Baku, a decisive summit attempting to negotiate a finance goal for rich countries to fund climate action in the developing world, a reporter from a prominent United Kingdom outlet cornered me in crucial moments, asking: \u201CWhy is India blocking a special carveout for LDCs and SIDS?\u201D Setting aside the complexity of the talks in Baku, the playbook is wielded time and again to fracture Southern blocs.
This isn\u2019t to say that Southern governments are faultless. Using the rapidly expanding BRICS+ bloc of 20 countries as a proxy for the wider developing world, there is much that is undesirable in building a progressive, justice-oriented climate and development agenda. Typical analyses highlight BRICS\u2019 lack of coordination and mutual mistrust. A lack of transparency and civil society access to BRICS deliberations is often noted; as is the reality that many are not liberal democracies and are ruled by corrupt, autocratic regimes.
Climate analysts frequently lament BRICS\u2019 fossil dependence, pursuing fossil-heavy growth paths in both production and consumption. Many critiques are legitimate, while others are pearl-clutching narratives that ignore the complexities of Global South development trajectories. Moreover, they are hardly unique to BRICS and could equally apply to many G7 nations today.
What is more interesting to me are the common struggles \u2014 growing energy demand, industrial aspirations \u2014 and opportunities, such as signs of movement on green technology and decarbonisation and highlighting the imbalance of power in global governance. These could unite BRICS+ countries.
"}],"card-updated-at":1755607040559,"content-version-id":"1d27f1ae-55e5-47cb-8827-bb910eb5b9d9","card-added-at":1755606624192,"status":"draft","id":"6b0f17da-79f6-4ca6-9d3b-6a230b79c089","content-id":"6b0f17da-79f6-4ca6-9d3b-6a230b79c089","version":5,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity","message":"In response to the challenges posed by Donald Trump's tariffs and the dismantling of multilateralism, BRICS leaders are uniting to defend the Global South's interests. Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1280,"height":720,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":175534,"file-name":"brics.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d/element/8664dadf-b9b8-4bd5-9ead-59726d4da3ac","type":"text","family-id":"79173dd9-cb6e-4428-85e2-119bb6e0b7df","title":"","id":"8664dadf-b9b8-4bd5-9ead-59726d4da3ac","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Taking the BRICS+ nations as a proxy again, ten members of the bloc account for 48 per cent of the world\u2019s population. Per capita primary energy consumption from fossil fuels averaged 33,375.68 kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 2024 (with data unavailable for Ethiopia), compared with 43,595.58 kWh in high-income countries (Russia and the United Arab Emirates included). For renewables, the average was 2,873.37 kWh, compared with 7,531.68 kWh in high-income countries.
Fossil fuels remain dominant in the BRICS+ energy mix and the bloc accounted for 48 per cent of global fossil fuel production in 2024, but renewables are rising fast.
BRICS members now generate 51 per cent of global solar power (up from 15 per cent a decade ago), with China leading 74 per cent of global solar and wind construction and India meeting one of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets five years early.
This is most likely what the energy transition will look like for developing countries with growing energy demand and growth aspirations \u2014 the addition of vast amounts of renewable energy to gradually displace fossil energy, rather than the overnight fossil fuel phase-out that many in the climate movement expect. Reflecting this, the 2025 BRICS Statement called for a just and inclusive energy transition while affirming fossil fuels\u2019 ongoing role for emerging economies.
Green industrial policy is also gaining prominence, as clean energy and green manufacturing become central to BRICS\u2019 economic and security strategies. Political economist Ilias Alami describes how these aspirations are propelling developing countries into a \u201Cnew geopolitics of green connectivity\u201D rooted in \u201Cpolyalignment\u201D rather than the Bandung era\u2019s non-alignment.
China looms large in this geopolitics of climate: Leading in emissions, but also compelling in its role as a climate actor, \u201Clighting up the world with solar panels\u201D and exporting emissions reductions abroad. Economic historian Adam Tooze emphasised that if you\u2019re not understanding the scale of what China has done and you reduce it to another middle income authoritarian story, you\u2019re just not in the conversation at all. Chinese photovoltaics (PV) and BYD may well be the \u201Ctools of our salvation,\u201D Tooze added.
For some developing countries, China is both a formidable giant that has outpaced all others in growth and a power whose economic and trade leverage must not be over-relied upon lest it be turned into a weapon; others are eager to engage.
Emerging from this landscape are new green partnerships among Southern countries that can form the skeletal basis for sustained political coalitions. To build and tie this together, we need a new Southern narrative on climate and development, with an updated set of principles to reflect the new realities.
"}],"card-updated-at":1755609627220,"content-version-id":"9070cf7e-3dca-48c2-9ee8-82546b12e034","card-added-at":1755606624192,"status":"draft","id":"2952a800-d563-4ef1-b882-cedbc4b5640d","content-id":"2952a800-d563-4ef1-b882-cedbc4b5640d","version":14,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Rebuilding solidarity \u2018BRICS by BRICS\u2019: Forging Global South unity for climate and prosperity","message":"In response to the challenges posed by Donald Trump's tariffs and the dismantling of multilateralism, BRICS leaders are uniting to defend the Global South's interests. Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1280,"height":720,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":175534,"file-name":"brics.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5737ef0e-abbe-4f26-b248-31895dbb6e3d/element/bf6bdaf4-8fc0-41d9-bbdd-a15b4249e210","type":"text","family-id":"19b4dcd9-79d4-4d82-beca-c8673eb645ac","title":"","id":"bf6bdaf4-8fc0-41d9-bbdd-a15b4249e210","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The US is, and always has been, an unreliable partner \u2014 transactional, coercive and warmongering. The Western world is struggling through its own \u201Cpolycrisis\u201D, witnessing the failure of its institutions, policies and the horrors inflicted by its military complex abroad. The current moment has been characterised in various ways, as turbulent and uncertain, as \u2018productive incoherence\u2019 in global governance, and as a moment to turn polycrisis into \u2018polytunity\u2019.
For the Global South, that has always been battered by competing crises \u2014 debt, inflation, conflict and food insecurity \u2014 there is an opportunity to use this disruption to birth something new.
But what should this Southern vision look like? There are multiple calls to action: A time to rewrite the rules, acknowledge multipolarity, focus on localisation, forge new green alliances, de-dollarise, promote regional integration, advance green industrial policy and more. The growing technological and industrial foundations discussed above can be used to shape a new, green development agenda.
But unity is essential to turn this fragile moment into lasting power \u2014 whether through BRICS+ or another grouping. As Bello notes, the \u201Cspirit of Bandung has been a constant spur to many political actors to reproduce it in its imagined pristine form\u201D. That spirit will not return on its own \u2014 we must rebuild it. In climate talks and beyond, the South must close ranks.
The new and complex green agency of developing countries is still not taken seriously by much of the climate policy community, which maintains a singular focus on emissions monitoring, ambitious NDC targets (or lack thereof) and fossil phase-out inertia that the top-down, technocratic climate governance regime has been set up to do. All this, while sidelining calls for finance, technology transfer and recognition of development needs.
As civil society, rather than dwelling on fractures or repeating Global North narratives of obstruction, we must spotlight common struggles and green aspirations, amplify collective agency and build solidarities that strengthen South-South cooperation. Only by forging unity can developing countries transform today\u2019s polycrisis into opportunity and build a cohesive vision of climate-proofed prosperity both for and by the Global South.
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Despite a history of fragile solidarity, there is a renewed push for unity to address climate change, debt, and green industrialization. Civil society plays a crucial role in amplifying shared struggles and fostering South-South cooperation to transform current crises into opportunities for lasting power.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-08-19/ua2d7945/brics.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"@narendramodi / X (formerly 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and effective implementation","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"economy","name":"Economy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/economy","id":72912,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Economy","collection":{"slug":"economy","name":"Economy","id":176109},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":6,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1751612303291,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"FFD4 Seville ends with hope for change, but global finance systems remain stuck.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":800,"height":533,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":80667,"file-name":"FFd4-closing.jpeg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1471,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":false}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1751625241001,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":"FFD4 in Seville marked a pivotal moment for global development finance, unveiling initiatives like the Seville Platform for Action to mobilize resources for sustainable development goals. While efforts to tackle debt and reform financial architecture showed promise, the conference underscored persistent systemic obstacles. Amid civil society's calls for debt cancellation and climate justice, the event highlighted the urgent need for structural change in global finance systems.","push-notification-title":"FFD4 Seville: Seville Commitment sparks hope amid systemic challenges","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@UNDESA / X (formerly Twitter)","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","id":"c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-07-04/k7ul28vb/FFd4-closing.jpeg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/9b6d2f8e-77f9-4448-83b2-cb07b34c246d","type":"text","family-id":"3e230149-cc6b-4c2d-9e86-66637c4547fa","title":"","id":"9b6d2f8e-77f9-4448-83b2-cb07b34c246d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The 4th International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) came to a close in Seville, Spain, on July 3, concluding a once-in-a-decade process where countries deliberate on the challenge of financing sustainable development, facilitated by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
As the outcome document \u2014 titled Compromiso de Sevilla (Seville Commitment) \u2014 was already agreed upon prior to the conference on June 17, proceedings in Seville mainly involved plenary statements from leaders, multistakeholder roundtables on key issues and hundreds of side events. The side events in particular drew a wide spectrum of speakers, including governments, UN agencies, private finance stakeholders, civil society and academia.
On the final day, while delegates and financial system stakeholders deliberated on technical issues at side events, civil society raised chants demanding debt cancellation, climate justice, taxing the rich and system change.
"},{"description":"","embed-js":"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","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/c18688fa-c79a-4c63-be09-8b12d7bcc561","type":"jsembed","family-id":"7deafea2-599b-4500-a0f1-283443b09a82","title":"","id":"c18688fa-c79a-4c63-be09-8b12d7bcc561","metadata":{"tweet-url":"https://twitter.com/DebtforClimate/status/1940702130664624181","provider":"twitter","tweet-id":"1940702130664624181"},"subtype":"tweet"}],"card-updated-at":1751625239170,"content-version-id":"1b2db48c-df20-48af-914d-2ee8de0b1f70","card-added-at":1751612303296,"status":"draft","id":"137e8140-ec8e-4cda-b31d-e5f9b59eb6a3","content-id":"137e8140-ec8e-4cda-b31d-e5f9b59eb6a3","version":33,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"FFD4 Seville: Key outcomes show some hope, but wider systems remain paralysed","message":"FFD4 in Seville marked a pivotal moment for global development finance, unveiling initiatives like the Seville Platform for Action to mobilize resources for sustainable development goals. While efforts to tackle debt and reform financial architecture showed promise, the conference underscored persistent systemic obstacles. Amid civil society's calls for debt cancellation and climate justice, the event highlighted the urgent need for structural change in global finance systems.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-07-04/k7ul28vb/FFd4-closing.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@UNDESA / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","caption":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","metadata":{"width":800,"height":533,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":80667,"file-name":"FFd4-closing.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/ac1a33a3-f803-45ef-b352-bb0e01dfa336","type":"text","family-id":"969f07dd-78b4-4fb6-81f8-d002dd52351e","title":"","id":"ac1a33a3-f803-45ef-b352-bb0e01dfa336","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The Seville Platform for Action was launched on Day 1 and is the implementation arm of the Seville Commitment (Compromiso de Sevilla). Over 130 voluntary initiatives were announced to implement the outcome document, aimed at helping countries mobilise resources for an increased UN-mandated Sustainable Development Goals investment push.
Though wide-ranging, the initiatives fall under three major themes that reflect the conference\u2019s objective of reshaping the landscape of financing for development:
"}],"card-updated-at":1751625239170,"content-version-id":"87034bc0-26d3-4f21-b57f-8229b92b56dd","card-added-at":1751612462841,"status":"draft","id":"87abf842-2244-4497-b166-180596286f2f","content-id":"87abf842-2244-4497-b166-180596286f2f","version":26,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"FFD4 Seville: Key outcomes show some hope, but wider systems remain paralysed","message":"FFD4 in Seville marked a pivotal moment for global development finance, unveiling initiatives like the Seville Platform for Action to mobilize resources for sustainable development goals. While efforts to tackle debt and reform financial architecture showed promise, the conference underscored persistent systemic obstacles. Amid civil society's calls for debt cancellation and climate justice, the event highlighted the urgent need for structural change in global finance systems.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-07-04/k7ul28vb/FFd4-closing.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@UNDESA / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","caption":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","metadata":{"width":800,"height":533,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":80667,"file-name":"FFd4-closing.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/4a2c94ae-6263-467a-ae48-544744f2f8e8","type":"text","family-id":"29233ee6-25ac-4fc9-851a-aea4234ab0f6","title":"","id":"4a2c94ae-6263-467a-ae48-544744f2f8e8","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Scaling up finance mobilisation and investments: New partnerships and tools were announced to unlock private capital and boost domestic resource mobilisation within countries.
Notable efforts in this direction include SCALED, a platform led by multiple countries to expand blended finance; FX EDGE, a set of tools created by the Inter-American Development Bank to overcome the barrier of currency volatility in foreign loans for development by facilitating more local currency financing and the Coalition for Global Solidarity Levies, which suggests taxing premium air travel and private jets to raise money for climate and development goals.
Tackling the debt crisis: Several initiatives focused on solutions to the sovereign debt crisis, particularly unsustainable external debt for developing countries. The Global Hub for Debt Swaps for Development, launched by the Government of Spain and the World Bank, is to provide technical and financial support to countries considering \u2018swapping\u2019 their debt for food security and/or climate change adaptation.
The Debt Pause Clause Alliance, launched by the government of Spain with Barbados, France and others and multiple multilateral development banks (MDB), pushed for the inclusion of clauses that temporarily suspend the repayment of external debt of a country in the event of an external shock, including natural disasters, food or health emergencies.
Notably, the Sevilla Borrower\u2019s Forum was launched as a collective platform to bring together expertise and align negotiation efforts among borrowers, mainly from the Global South.
Financial architecture reform: Countries and institutions committed to shifting the structures of global development finance. A key initiative in this regard is the Global Financing Playbook, which aims to foster collaboration between finance and development institutions and coordinate international support to deliver financing aligned with a country\u2019s national priorities.
The Beyond GDP Global Alliance was also launched, a coalition of countries and partners advocating for the use of broader economic indicators, beyond just gross domestic product, in shaping policy and financial decisions.
Additionally, sector-specific initiatives were announced too, including several pertaining to climate-related financing.
"}],"card-updated-at":1751623069760,"content-version-id":"5e0ee483-f49e-4963-a6a2-91f996b25b94","card-added-at":1751612877727,"status":"draft","id":"5cfb4be5-e11f-46d8-b917-f32924b05f97","content-id":"5cfb4be5-e11f-46d8-b917-f32924b05f97","version":21,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"FFD4 Seville: Key outcomes show some hope, but wider systems remain paralysed","message":"FFD4 in Seville marked a pivotal moment for global development finance, unveiling initiatives like the Seville Platform for Action to mobilize resources for sustainable development goals. While efforts to tackle debt and reform financial architecture showed promise, the conference underscored persistent systemic obstacles. Amid civil society's calls for debt cancellation and climate justice, the event highlighted the urgent need for structural change in global finance systems.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-07-04/k7ul28vb/FFd4-closing.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@UNDESA / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","caption":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","metadata":{"width":800,"height":533,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":80667,"file-name":"FFd4-closing.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/6cd64fdc-b1cf-44ad-8573-85204c208827","type":"text","family-id":"40af4040-fe70-40d5-81ba-7cc257014153","title":"","id":"6cd64fdc-b1cf-44ad-8573-85204c208827","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Unlike typical UN conferences where negotiations take centre stage, Compromiso de Sevilla was adopted ahead of FfD4 and formally endorsed during the summit. Countries instead focused on announcing the Seville Action Plan as the main path forward. Still, negotiations leading up to the Compromiso were fraught, shaped by deep power and economic imbalances that disadvantage developing countries by design.
Between July 2024 and June 2025, the co-facilitators of the FfD4 outcome document (Mexico, Nepal, Norway, and Zambia) led a drafting process, beginning with an Elements Paper informed by nearly 300 stakeholder inputs. This shaped the Zero Draft published in January 2025, followed by the First Draft in March, both refined through feedback from member states.
Negotiations on the outcome document abruptly concluded on June 17, 2025, when the UN Preparatory Committee adopted the Compromiso. The process had been stalled by US objections, with the \u2018silence procedure\u2019 broken on nearly every paragraph. In a dramatic turn, the US withdrew from the process during the final session, clearing the way for consensus among the remaining countries.
Other Global North countries, including the EU, UK, Switzerland, Canada and Japan, dissociated from core commitments on a UN tax convention and sovereign debt mechanisms. This reflected broader resistance to shifting financial governance away from institutions dominated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or OECD.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/0c536b5c-0309-4bf6-bbd8-ec823ad0ed54","type":"text","family-id":"72dd54c3-c430-4e11-b390-8aba74efa361","title":"","id":"0c536b5c-0309-4bf6-bbd8-ec823ad0ed54","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"bdfa8033-eec2-45a0-ba6d-8ac15e581ab2","linked-story":{"updated-at":1751603978042,"author-name":"Archie Gupta","headline":"FFd4 Seville: Leaders open conference with calls for debt relief, representation and support for multilateralism","story-content-id":"bdfa8033-eec2-45a0-ba6d-8ac15e581ab2","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/ffd4-seville-leaders-open-conference-with-calls-for-debt-relief-representation-and-support-for-multilateralism","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1751603980605,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/UunH9kwOmXGWJzK8HtHTfdYqzjIVx2DL4rbv_M9K7x85cSp32auhClxfI8yrFdJK","status":"published","id":"bdfa8033-eec2-45a0-ba6d-8ac15e581ab2","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/ffd4-seville-leaders-open-conference-with-calls-for-debt-relief-representation-and-support-for-multilateralism","author-id":2311202,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"text","authors":[{"id":2311202,"name":"Archie Gupta","email":"archie.gupta11@gmail.com","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"UunH9kwOmXGWJzK8HtHTfdYqzjIVx2DL4rbv_M9K7x85cSp32auhClxfI8yrFdJK","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"FFd4 Seville: Leaders open conference with calls for debt relief, representation and support for multilateralism"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/c3db08e0-f866-47ec-a008-7e528d43acc5","type":"text","family-id":"9f4f2d25-3c1e-4c60-9dbb-a67fb03bd510","title":"","id":"c3db08e0-f866-47ec-a008-7e528d43acc5","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Despite the circulation of a final draft on June 12, nearly every paragraph drew objections \u2013 revealing efforts by some states to stall progress. The final Compromiso was weakened in key areas: Language on fossil fuel subsidies was deleted, and on asset registries diluted. Commitments on international tax, investor-state dispute settlement and special drawing rights (SDR) were also watered down. In particular, the SDR section lost specific calls for IMF reforms, weakening proposals to speed up and democratise SDR allocation.
On debt architecture, while the final text retained a UN-led intergovernmental process, its mandate was diluted, prompting criticism from civil society that the softening risks undermining SDG progress amid escalating debt crises.
Relatedly, the launch of an African Credit Rating Agency was included in the text. It aims to address unfair biases and systemic issues in the big three credit rating agencies, whose ratings contribute to the \u201CAfrica premium\u201D, significantly increasing borrowing costs for African countries. This was welcomed by some civil society groups.
The civil society also welcomed the inclusion of a global debt registry in the text, however, some raised concerns about it being hosted by the World Bank. The commitment calls for consolidating existing debt databases into a single global registry at the Bank to improve transparency, harmonise reporting and ease borrower burdens.
Ultimately, while the document marked some modest progress, experts like Daniela Gabor criticised it for reinforcing de-risking that benefits investors more, without meaningful safeguards. As she wrote, it failed to adopt stronger oversight, fiscal limits or protections for public services, and instead promotes vague monitoring and partnerships that risk deepening inequality.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/eb983d23-8775-4426-a022-81130f521555","type":"text","family-id":"5462f13d-085b-4a88-8c7d-faccdaf1165c","title":"","id":"eb983d23-8775-4426-a022-81130f521555","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"bfbbe7a1-0c11-4299-a9e5-9007abbfaa7e","linked-story":{"updated-at":1751464975080,"author-name":"Sehr Raheja","headline":"FFD4 Seville: What are the links to the climate talks and the road from Seville to COP30 at Belem?","story-content-id":"bfbbe7a1-0c11-4299-a9e5-9007abbfaa7e","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/ffd4-seville-what-are-the-links-to-the-climate-talks-and-the-road-from-seville-to-cop30-at-belem","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1751464989563,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/LM2ZLurU5LlcNlQRLfYMMXt0QQ1MBDSYnPIgfmraY9IEgb4FHLcbhQrpZubo5KdX","status":"published","id":"bfbbe7a1-0c11-4299-a9e5-9007abbfaa7e","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/ffd4-seville-what-are-the-links-to-the-climate-talks-and-the-road-from-seville-to-cop30-at-belem","author-id":1944536,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"text","authors":[{"id":1944536,"name":"Sehr Raheja","email":"sehr.raheja@cseindia.org","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"LM2ZLurU5LlcNlQRLfYMMXt0QQ1MBDSYnPIgfmraY9IEgb4FHLcbhQrpZubo5KdX","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"FFD4 Seville: What are the links to the climate talks and the road from Seville to COP30 at Belem?"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/e95c45fa-557a-4d5e-ac52-6f8ea89bc854","type":"text","family-id":"cc9ed793-74aa-4a5d-8527-c481daaf02b2","title":"","id":"e95c45fa-557a-4d5e-ac52-6f8ea89bc854","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"FFD4 represented a crucial moment where a multilateral process raised the issue of funding needed to achieve developing countries\u2019 development and climate goals. In an atmosphere of aid cuts, trade tensions, growing economic nationalism in developed countries and global wars, the outlook for securing the additional financing required to build crucial infrastructure in a low-carbon, climate-resilient way is bleak at best. And in this moment, the demands placed on FFD4 to deliver vital transformations in the global finance, debt and aid architecture were lofty.
Some progress was recorded in the outcome document \u2014 offering, at best, small indicators or \u2018hooks\u2019 for civil society to push for further change in the coming months and years.
A broader trend of shifting responsibility onto the private sector to fill the infrastructure financing gap \u2014 consistent with the narratives of \u2018de-risking\u2019, \u2018billions to trillions\u2019 and \u2018mobilising private capital\u2019 of the past decade or more \u2014 was widespread in Seville. Parallel side events, separated by barely a wall, featured panel discussions of private sector representatives discussing \u201Ccatalytic instruments to crowd in private capital and prove out commercial viability\u201D, while in other rooms, civil society highlighted the \u201Cvicious cycle of debt, poverty and climate-induced crisis\u201D and demanded transformative, not incremental, change.
In rooms where critiques of the three big credit rating agencies (CRA) were raised by experts, representatives of the same CRAs showed up and seemingly \u2018acknowledged\u2019 the problems with subjective ratings of developing countries but offered little recourse. There was recognition in some sessions of systemic issues such as the limitations of Basel III regulations, the unwillingness of rich country central banks to rechannel Special Drawing Rights to MDBs for development financing in poorer countries and the impact of climate shocks on sovereign credit ratings.
What Seville produced was an anxious expression of global crises from developing countries and a clenched admission of the same from the rich. Everyone knew that the rules of the system are rigged against the developing world and expectations of \u201Cbankability\u201D and profits from what should essentially be global public goods \u2014 such as low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure \u2014 are delusional at best.
Some promising paragraphs in the text, a token (but important) private jet levy proposed here, a tax on the rich there, offered a few rays of hope. Beyond that, the systemic paralysis endured under the blaze of the southern Spain heatwave and the work continues to fight for a better future for 80 per cent of the world\u2019s population.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c9f6d12e-2004-4338-a449-6f8894808225/element/e548f438-644e-47da-bf45-967e8200a836","type":"text","family-id":"29ac8dba-6ef7-4af1-8c83-5966a222b71b","title":"","id":"e548f438-644e-47da-bf45-967e8200a836","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi"}],"card-updated-at":1751623069760,"content-version-id":"a5cc9175-d558-44da-a9b6-ffda5e81e4b0","card-added-at":1751613131210,"status":"draft","id":"dc2aa0d9-477d-41dc-ab0a-a7c04336fd8a","content-id":"dc2aa0d9-477d-41dc-ab0a-a7c04336fd8a","version":13,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"FFD4 Seville: Key outcomes show some hope, but wider systems remain paralysed","message":"FFD4 in Seville marked a pivotal moment for global development finance, unveiling initiatives like the Seville Platform for Action to mobilize resources for sustainable development goals. While efforts to tackle debt and reform financial architecture showed promise, the conference underscored persistent systemic obstacles. Amid civil society's calls for debt cancellation and climate justice, the event highlighted the urgent need for structural change in global finance systems.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-07-04/k7ul28vb/FFd4-closing.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@UNDESA / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","caption":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","metadata":{"width":800,"height":533,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":80667,"file-name":"FFd4-closing.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/economy/ffd4-seville-key-outcomes-show-some-hope-but-wider-systems-remain-paralysed","story-version-id":"b0ee2a95-ce6f-4355-ac0c-e5bb53dae22b","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1751625246774,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":["bdfa8033-eec2-45a0-ba6d-8ac15e581ab2","bfbbe7a1-0c11-4299-a9e5-9007abbfaa7e"],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1751625241001,"hero-image-caption":"Li Junhua, UN DESA USG & Conference Secretary-General speaking at the conclusion of FfD4.","version":36,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1751625239163,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"sehr-raheja","social":{},"name":"Sehr Raheja","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.25523300_1695886373_photo_sehr.jpeg","bio":"Programme Officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944536,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"47d1a225-cdea-43bb-a9ca-95c285b32edd","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Bonn Climate Conference 2025: On Day 1, developing countries fight EU and allies on finance obligation "]},"story":{"updated-at":1750254912726,"seo":{"meta-title":"Climate Finance Dispute: Developing Nations Challenge EU at Bonn Conference 2025","meta-description":"Bonn Climate Conference 2025: Developing nations challenge EU over climate 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2025","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"bonn-climate-conference-2025","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11693809,"name":"finance obligation","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"finance-obligation","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Bonn Climate Conference 2025: On Day 1, developing countries fight EU and allies on finance obligation ","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"47d1a225-cdea-43bb-a9ca-95c285b32edd","slug":"climate-change/bonn-climate-conference-2025-on-day-1-developing-countries-fight-eu-and-allies-on-finance-obligation","last-published-at":1750254915342,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The mid-year UN climate conference has opened with disagreements on finance and unilateral trade measures, which delayed adoption of the agenda","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1750252062613,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1099,"height":683,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":176623,"file-name":"Bonn-2025.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":758,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1750254915342,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo: @simonstiell/X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"Bonn Climate Conference 2025: On Day 1, developing countries fight EU and allies on finance obligation ","id":"47d1a225-cdea-43bb-a9ca-95c285b32edd","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-06-18/t6tgjxzl/Bonn-2025.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/47d1a225-cdea-43bb-a9ca-95c285b32edd/element/df8d198d-6cc2-46b4-9097-bde078ba1d82","type":"text","family-id":"4f44d180-5ef4-4abe-99c0-71a8f68bdefb","title":"","id":"df8d198d-6cc2-46b4-9097-bde078ba1d82","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The June Climate Meetings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Bonn, also known as the 62nd meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB 62), are taking place from June 16 to 26, 2025. However, the opening day of the conference saw a failure to gavel the official conference agenda, due to disagreements on items proposed to be added.
Specifically, two agenda items proposed by developing countries: on climate finance and unilateral trade measures, are seeing wide resistance from developed countries. The agenda was finally adopted around 6 PM on Day 2 of the conference, leaving all negotiation items in limbo up until that moment.
In early June, the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) bloc (which includes India) submitted two new items to add to the Bonn conference agenda: on Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement and on unilateral trade measures.
On Article 9.1, the submission asked for an agenda track to discuss climate finance and \u201Cthe ways to implement Article 9.1 in a manner that provides additionality, predictability, concessionality and transparency from developed countries, for developing countries\u201D.
This follows from the outcome of the 29th Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP29) in Baku where a new climate finance goal (New Collective Quantified Goal or NCQG) was agreed as a key outcome \u2014 offering $300 billion per year to finance climate action for developing countries, for which developed countries take the lead in mobilisation.
This was nested within a larger goal of $1.3 trillion by 2035, which could come from various sources including the private sector and contributions from willing developing countries. However, the decision offered only \u2018mobilisation\u2019 of finance i.e., using public money to crowd in private money or directing funds from other sources. This aligns with Article 9.3 of the Paris Agreement. Article 9.1 was neglected in the Baku decision since developed countries decided to shirk their obligation to directly provide public funds to developing countries \u2014 a source with more predictability and accountability than private finance.
On unilateral trade measures such as the EU\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and similar tools being deployed by the UK and Canada, the LMDCs\u2019 proposed agenda item asked for Parties to \u201Creiterate opposition to the politicisation of climate change issues and all forms of unilateralism and protectionism, recognising that unilateral measures with negative cross border impacts violate the objectives and principles of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement\u201D. This follows a similar agenda item that the BASIC (Brazil, China, India and South Africa) group of countries proposed at COP29, but which was then blocked by the EU.
At Bonn, the adoption of the agenda was held up on Day 1 due to developed countries such as the EU and its allies refusing to allow inclusion of these two items, despite the entire G77 and China bloc (representing 130+ developing countries) uniting around the LMDCs\u2019 demands. Discussions moved to closed-door consultations for almost 48 hours, and no bridging proposal was offered by the EU.
On the evening of June 17, the SB Chairs resumed the plenary and stated that the item titled \u201Cimplementation of Article 9.1 of the PA\u201D would be withdrawn but would be discussed through \u201Csubstantive consultations\u201D at SB62. The SB Chairs will report back on the outcomes at SB63 which will take place during the 30th Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP30) in Belem, Brazil in November, \u201Cfor Parties\u2019 consideration with a view to determining a way forward, including potentially a standalone agenda item on this matter\u201D.
On the item titled \u201CPromoting international cooperation and addressing the concerns with climate change-related trade-restrictive unilateral measures\u201D, Parties agreed to withdraw the item \u201Con the understanding related issues will be discussed in relevant agenda items, including the just transition work programme\u201D. Further, a footnote will be added on the Just Transition Work Programme agenda reading \u201CRelated issues will be among the issues to be discussed in relevant agenda items, including the just transition work programme\u201D.
The announcement drew the ire of developing countries with Bolivia (on behalf of LMDC) and India expressing disappointment with the reluctance of developed countries to discuss their obligation to provide finance and vowing to return to the item on Article 9.1 at COP30, and Nigeria referring to Article 9.1 as speaking \u201Cto the blood of the Convention\u201D.
With the agenda adopted, Day 3 commenced with various items including the Just Transition Work Programme, UAE Dialogue on the Global Stocktake, consultations on the Baku to Belem Roadmap on climate finance, and the Sharm El-Sheikh Dialogue on Article 2.1c.
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"]},"story":{"updated-at":1738943561510,"seo":{"meta-title":"Trump's Climate Policies: Impact on Global Cooperation and Future Prospects","meta-description":"Discover the impact of President Trump's recent actions on international climate cooperation, including the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and its implications for global climate efforts.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594213,"name":"Paris agreement","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"paris-agreement","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594919,"name":"climate emergency","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-emergency","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595936,"name":"climate action","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-action","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599973,"name":"donald trump","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"donald-trump","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":11144537,"name":"Donald Trump 2.0","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"donald-trump-20","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"What does Trump mean for international climate cooperation? 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He has once again initiated the process of withdrawing the US from the Paris Agreement and has cancelled international climate finance.
He has also waged war on foreign aid \u2014 first enforcing a 90-day pause on all aid and then threatening to shut down USAID. This move could disrupt funding for crucial initiatives such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis treatment, refugee operations, and pandemic preparedness. And he has unleashed extensive tariffs against trade partners. But what does all of this mean for the world\u2019s efforts to combat climate change?
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b11cf8ae-5903-4f98-9465-a8f9ba1d9be5/element/79560844-b62d-4f1c-ac84-21cd97c85c89","type":"text","family-id":"7422abcd-0281-42bc-ac00-fed808d837e3","title":"","id":"79560844-b62d-4f1c-ac84-21cd97c85c89","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"30c3dcf9-07ec-4248-9356-b89fcc5c5066","linked-story":{"updated-at":1738668069474,"author-name":"Binit Das","headline":"Trump\u2019s freeze on wind energy projects sparks backlash from industry, advocates","story-content-id":"30c3dcf9-07ec-4248-9356-b89fcc5c5066","is-published":true,"slug":"energy/trumps-freeze-on-wind-energy-projects-sparks-backlash-from-industry-advocates","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1738668111503,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/DnjU0enH6kEDW2SOiaHuRrHWpav8_oUGMH4loJa2-3hg4RqxgPff-Di-IelPvKQ9","status":"published","id":"30c3dcf9-07ec-4248-9356-b89fcc5c5066","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/energy/trumps-freeze-on-wind-energy-projects-sparks-backlash-from-industry-advocates","author-id":1940168,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"blog","authors":[{"id":1940168,"name":"Binit Das","email":"binitdas@cseindia.org","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"DnjU0enH6kEDW2SOiaHuRrHWpav8_oUGMH4loJa2-3hg4RqxgPff-Di-IelPvKQ9","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"Trump\u2019s freeze on wind energy projects sparks backlash from industry, advocates"}],"card-updated-at":1738844398584,"content-version-id":"3642ce70-a49f-4143-87e0-2e13c1566ab0","card-added-at":1738842755873,"status":"draft","id":"254b1f0d-6689-4d9d-af60-1990cc9ee37f","content-id":"254b1f0d-6689-4d9d-af60-1990cc9ee37f","version":8,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"What does Trump mean for international climate cooperation? ","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-02-06/izfhs1un/Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@WhiteHouse / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","caption":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","metadata":{"width":4096,"height":2731,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":814218,"file-name":"Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b11cf8ae-5903-4f98-9465-a8f9ba1d9be5/element/115f2fdf-0a93-42d6-8e00-bd88729c72be","type":"text","family-id":"f0f0da16-400c-43f5-9012-db29005d89d7","title":"","id":"115f2fdf-0a93-42d6-8e00-bd88729c72be","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The US has not yet formally exited the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process. The last time the Trump administration withdrew from the Paris Agreement, the formal exit took place in 2019, triggering a one-year notice period. There was no COP summit in 2020 and 46th US President Joe Biden reinstated the country\u2019s participation in 2021.
Despite the Trump administration\u2019s previous withdrawal announcement (2017-2019), US negotiators continued attending COPs, advocating for agreements aligned with US economic and strategic interests. They also highlighted domestic efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition energy systems.
This time, the US will remain a formal part of the COP process at COP30 in Brazil due to the mandatory one-year notice period. Beyond that, the path forward is unclear. Newly elected COP30 President Andr\u00E9 Corr\u00EAa do Lago has expressed concern over the US exit but also pointed out that the US remains a member of the UNFCCC, meaning alternative avenues for climate dialogue still exist.
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Beyond its underwhelming climate performance and periodic withdrawals, the US\u2019 engagement at the UNFCCC has been characterised by one more crucial aspect \u2014 acting as a blocker to the demands of developing nations. From objecting to the Kyoto Protocol\u2019s higher emission targets for developed countries to ensuring that loss and damage funds are not linked to liability and compensation, the US has consistently resisted ambitious climate commitments. On climate finance, it has contributed far below its fair share to developing nations. Its role at the UNFCCC and affiliated spaces has not always been constructive.
Which is not to say that its exit from the COP will render it completely toothless. The US' hegemonic role in the global economy makes it a looming presence with influence that is difficult to dismiss, particularly on the issue of climate action \u2014 an issue which is intertwined with multiple real economy relationships such as trade, debt, and military partnerships.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b11cf8ae-5903-4f98-9465-a8f9ba1d9be5/element/dbcc3bce-6ca6-443f-b647-dbaf10023bc7","type":"text","family-id":"ed12e522-e8a4-45ac-8271-2791d6c4c223","title":"","id":"dbcc3bce-6ca6-443f-b647-dbaf10023bc7","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"92dc6b6e-b782-40a9-a386-8d8b0df4e011","linked-story":{"updated-at":1738063248790,"author-name":"DTE Staff","headline":"US GHG emissions vs NDC targets: 5 reasons why Trump could be the worst thing for climate","story-content-id":"92dc6b6e-b782-40a9-a386-8d8b0df4e011","is-published":true,"slug":"climate-change/us-ghg-emissions-vs-ndc-targets-5-reasons-why-trump-could-be-the-worst-thing-for-climate","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1738063260908,"highlighted-text":"","alternative":{},"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/preview/story/irKlbORcQzaKoPtyxV-QzGQh-KH9pe-7ve5ZzzLDmViCUC81fjOguc09imGeMzPN","status":"published","id":"92dc6b6e-b782-40a9-a386-8d8b0df4e011","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/us-ghg-emissions-vs-ndc-targets-5-reasons-why-trump-could-be-the-worst-thing-for-climate","author-id":1941399,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"video","authors":[{"id":1941399,"name":"DTE Staff","email":"2391_dte@cseindia.org","highlighted-name":null}],"metadata":{},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"irKlbORcQzaKoPtyxV-QzGQh-KH9pe-7ve5ZzzLDmViCUC81fjOguc09imGeMzPN","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"US GHG emissions vs NDC targets: 5 reasons why Trump could be the worst thing for climate"}],"card-updated-at":1738903875291,"content-version-id":"21250466-06be-4d11-b74e-1a274a87199d","card-added-at":1738842755873,"status":"draft","id":"ae881e88-79ef-492d-b903-518ef81e1442","content-id":"ae881e88-79ef-492d-b903-518ef81e1442","version":10,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"What does Trump mean for international climate cooperation? ","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-02-06/izfhs1un/Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@WhiteHouse / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","caption":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","metadata":{"width":4096,"height":2731,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":814218,"file-name":"Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b11cf8ae-5903-4f98-9465-a8f9ba1d9be5/element/bc8dec99-d075-4f1c-b4b6-0230afa1acf6","type":"text","family-id":"53f32beb-8870-4181-acbd-235fe36fd266","title":"","id":"bc8dec99-d075-4f1c-b4b6-0230afa1acf6","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Some of the key ways the US continues to exert its influence include:
Control over the global financial system: The US dollar serves as the world\u2019s reserve currency and is central to most international trade.
Military strength: The US maintains the largest military in the world.
Trade dominance: The US is the largest importer globally, with $3.37 trillion in imports (compared to China\u2019s $2.71 trillion) and runs the biggest trade deficit. It has also hamstrung the World Trade Organization.
Influence over international financial institutions: The US is the largest shareholder in the World Bank and holds the largest Special Drawing Rights quota at the International Monetary Fund, with 82.9 billion SDRs.
Sovereign debt dynamics: Of the $3.6 trillion in emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) debt, 47 per cent is held by private bondholders, many of which are US-based financial institutions and commercial banks.
UN funding: The US provides 22 per cent of funding to the UNFCCC and is the largest overall funder of the UN.
UN Security Council: The US holds veto power.
The US\u2019 withdrawal from the Paris Agreement signals its backslide on domestic decarbonisation efforts and retreat from efforts to support the rest of the world with their transition. What does this mean for the global transition? Below, we outline three possible scenarios.
A regression in global climate action: In this scenario, the rest of the world (ROTW) either follows the US\u2019 footsteps by resisting climate action, or resists it in retaliation to US' inaction. Countries may state that they do not want to sacrifice their growth and energy security \u2014 as the BRICS alluded to in their 2024 statement. For some countries, this may be more of a painful sacrifice than a deliberate choice \u2014 recent reports suggest that Colombia\u2019s transition efforts may be cast in doubt owing to the US backing out at as a potential climate funder.
The ROTW leads the charge: Here, the ROTW advances climate action, perhaps with the European Union and China at the helm. Countries don\u2019t focus on holding the US accountable but choose to leverage all possible \u2018coalitions of the willing\u2019 \u2013 sub-national actors, the private sector, new leadership from the Global South. This scenario is justified by the \u2018pragmatic\u2019 reality that the US contributes just 13 per cent of annual GHG emissions today, and that most of the emissions growth is in Asia \u2014 so efforts should focus there. Optimism around rising clean energy investment further boosts this sentiment, signaling that the economics of the transition may well be conducive already. US policies and investments continue to indirectly influence the global transition in this case, but it is not seen as a driver.
The ROTW holds the US accountable: In this scenario, the ROTW demands climate action, and also holds the US accountable for its inaction, not letting it off the hook. Building pressure, perhaps through sanctions or tariffs \u2014 maybe a historical polluter tax? \u2014the world brings to the fore the fact that the US is responsible for a quarter of all historical GHG emissions, continues to emit even today, and funds polluting activities as well (64 per cent of fossil fuel investors are based in the US). This scenario will require strong coalitions to build pressure \u2014 both among South countries and between the climate-conscious North and South. Forums such as BRICS are able to turn their short-termism into a low-carbon, climate-resilient vision of growth that leapfrogs high-carbon development pathways and demands better from the world.
So where do we go from here? And which scenario is most likely to occur? Thie answer as always lies somewhere in the middle. Many countries have strong domestic drivers for climate action (e.g., air pollution, energy security, and economic opportunity) that do not entirely depend on international efforts and may continue investing in renewables for their long-term economic and strategic benefits. The assumption that energy security and climate action are at odds is outdated; renewables increasingly enhance rather than compromise energy independence. Solar power surpassed coal as a source in the EU for the first time in 2024. China achieved its renewable capacity target six years ahead of schedule.
Large emerging economies, on the other hand, are stuck in a more complex quagmire. Indonesia\u2019s ambitions to phase out coal by 2040 look increasingly strained in a Trump 2.0 world. India, while ranking fourth in renewable capacity additions, remains a laggard and its latest Union Budget with underwhelming climate provisions, highlights more pressing priorities for the government than climate action, like unemployment, weak consumer demand and a vast micro, small and medium enterprises sector struggling to stay afloat.
Developing countries are battling a polycrisis \u2014 unemployment, rising debt, inflation, geopolitical conflicts and escalating economic and trade war \u2014 which makes climate action an increasingly complex challenge.
The temptation to fall into despair about multilateral climate cooperation is high \u2014 particularly after the disappointment of Baku and this second Trump shock. Countries will be moved to look inward, or scramble to secure what they can from smaller bilateral or plurilateral groupings. Those dependent on the US for trade, aid, and investment will be hesitant to take on a confrontational tone with the US, particularly on the issue of decarbonisation, whose coalitions of support are still new, shaky, and unestablished.
This is the moment to remember: A better world is possible. Strategising through strong coalitions for a low carbon future that leaves no one behind, minimises the extractivism of the past, and uses technology in the best possible way to transition away from fossil-dependent economies is not a pipe dream. It can and needs to be done, if we are to weather the storm of climate impacts that are already here. And it needs to be done cooperatively, keeping multilateral spaces alive \u2014 spaces that give equal voice to the smallest and the largest. In a climate-risked world, hopelessness is a luxury that we do not have.
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","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2025-02-06/izfhs1un/Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@WhiteHouse / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","caption":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","metadata":{"width":4096,"height":2731,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":814218,"file-name":"Gh0dJosWQAASkHG.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/what-does-trump-mean-for-international-climate-cooperation","story-version-id":"8f106a48-38d1-4ae0-8f64-e4abd9b379bb","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1738943563681,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":["30c3dcf9-07ec-4248-9356-b89fcc5c5066","e64535cb-7074-4122-9bab-cf550272f902","92dc6b6e-b782-40a9-a386-8d8b0df4e011","68a05bf1-6123-48fd-bc8a-f1d274d24dd5","f5d9bf25-5a5f-47f8-87bf-3e1d110042a2"],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1738853594137,"hero-image-caption":"Donald Trump, the 46th president of the United States, has issued a flurry of executive orders since taking office ","version":36,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1738943556176,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"sehr-raheja","social":{},"name":"Sehr Raheja","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.25523300_1695886373_photo_sehr.jpeg","bio":"Programme Officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944536,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"upamanyu-das","social":{},"name":"Upamanyu Das","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, CSE","id":2018720,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rudrath-avinashi","social":{},"name":"Rudrath Avinashi","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":2173444,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings"]},"story":{"updated-at":1735023072257,"seo":{"meta-title":"US Announces New Climate Target Amid Concerns of Trump Administration Rollback","meta-description":"The US has announced a new climate target to cut emissions by 61-66% below 2005 levels by 2035, as Trump plans a rollback. Read about the latest Nationally Determined Contribution and its implications for the future.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Rudrath Avinashi","tags":[{"id":9594504,"name":"United States","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"united-states","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595064,"name":"Fossil Fuels","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"fossil-fuels","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595205,"name":"intended nationally determined contributions (indcs)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"intended-nationally-determined-contributions-indcs","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599973,"name":"donald trump","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"donald-trump","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10781052,"name":"NDCs","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"ndcs","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66","slug":"climate-change/fossil-giant-us-announces-new-climate-target-as-trump-waits-in-the-wings","last-published-at":1735023081166,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"With \u201CDrill, baby, drill\u201D well becoming the subtext of US energy policy next year, the optimism sparked by the NDC announcement may be short-lived","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1735020536639,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1021,"height":681,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":155887,"file-name":"Donald-Trump.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1191,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1735023081166,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo: Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","id":"159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-24/glbm9rv4/Donald-Trump.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66/element/2dc52c27-b017-43e1-9df4-eeb1cce43222","type":"text","family-id":"a8929e99-59a5-4a93-917a-2e842618c41a","title":"","id":"2dc52c27-b017-43e1-9df4-eeb1cce43222","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u201CThe American way of life is not up for negotiations. Period.\u201D \u2014 then President of the United States (US) George H W Bush had stated infamously, in the early 1990s, as global efforts to coordinate on climate policy were beginning to precipitate. Thirty years later, as the US announces its third climate pledge to the Paris Agreement \u2014 to cut emissions 61-66 per cent below 2005 levels by 2035 \u2014 Bush\u2019s sentiment is reinforced once again. This time, while a resurgent Donald Trump waits in the wings to tear it all down next year.
The US\u2019 latest Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) released last week, sets an economy-wide target aligning with a \u201Cstraight line to net zero emissions by 2050\u201D, per their official submission. This is an update to the US\u2019 previous NDC announced in 2021, of a 50-52 per cent reduction.
The new emission reduction target of 61-66 per cent as per the NDC implies that the US\u2019 absolute emissions in 2035 would be between 2.2 and 2.6 gigatonnes CO2 equivalent, taking 2005 as the reference year when the US emitted 6.6 GtCO2e.
It also \u201Canticipates at least a 35 per cent reduction in methane emissions\u201D from 2005 levels by 2035, without setting an official target for reducing methane.
The new NDC focuses on multiple paths to achieve the 2035 goal, such as \u201Cadditional investments and technology advancements made possible by action from the private sector and state, local, territorial, and Tribal governments, and by increased federal engagement later in this decade\u201D. The focus on sub-national actors, and the latter half of the statement alluding to the federal government being involved \u2018later in this decade\u2019 are plausibly instances of the current Joe Biden administration hedging its bets, acknowledging that the incoming Trump Presidency will regress rather than advance US climate action.
Although the NDC outlines sectoral pathways for electricity, transportation, buildings, industry, and the agriculture, forestry, and land sectors, maximum progress is expected in the power sector, for which Biden had domestically set a goal of 100 per cent carbon pollution-free electricity on a net annual basis by 2030, early in his tenure. The NDC mentions that current policies \u201Cput the power sector on track to meet nearly 80 per cent of electricity demand with clean electricity by 2035\u201D.
This rides on the optimism of policies like the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), which has been reported to have had a significant impact on the power sector, with provisions such as tax credits for clean electricity production driving private sector investments in clean energy.
With Trump coming in to assume power, some of the existing provisions such as consumer tax credits for electric vehicle (EV) purchases may well be repealed and money allocated for building EV charging stations is planned to be redirected towards national defense priorities. While Trump has repeatedly vowed to dismantle the IRA, some experts suggest that certain aspects of the law could hold strategic value for his administration. Initially framed by the Biden administration as a climate-focused initiative, the IRA is, at its core, designed to enhance US economic security. Its provisions aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing and reducing reliance on foreign supply chains align closely with Trump\u2019s \u201CAmerica First\u201D agenda. While the law\u2019s environmental elements may be scaled back, other provisions could be repurposed under the new administration. Moreover, many solar and wind energy projects may not be as affected due to many states benefitting from the IRA.
Aside from reaffirming the outcomes of the first Global Stocktake decision at COP28\u2014specifically, the commitment to \u201Caccelerate the global phasedown of unabated coal power and the transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly, and equitable manner\u201D\u2014the submitted NDC lacks discussion on any concrete measures to cut down on fossil fuel production and use.
Our report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) shows via a detailed framework accounting for the historical responsibility and capacity of countries to transition away from fossil fuels, that the US should lead the way in phasing out fossil fuels.
The reality is quite the opposite. Fossil fuels still account for 83 per cent of the primary energy consumed in the US today, with 60 per cent of its electricity still generated by burning fossil fuels. As a producer, the US\u2019 crude oil production has surged by 129 per cent between 2000 and 2023 and gas production has risen by 98 per cent. Today, the US is both the largest producer of crude oil and the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) \u2014 a status that the current Biden administration has facilitated, despite its climate-friendly intent. In fact, the administration approved the ConocoPhillips Willow project in March 2023, the single largest oil project on federal lands and it is projected to produce 180,000 barrels of oil till the late 2020s.
The US, Russia and Saudi Arabia were the top three global producers with their annual crude oil and condensate production being 12.9 million barrels per day, 10.2 million barrels per day and 9.7 million barrels per day, as per the USA Energy Information Administration.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":910,"height":543,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":76628,"file-name":"Crude-Oil.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66/element/67089d8b-e83e-4bc3-80a2-acece4216e23","type":"image","family-id":"5c2a5f06-8f18-49c9-a654-5b68cb645a9d","image-attribution":"Chart: CSE, Source: EIA","title":"","id":"67089d8b-e83e-4bc3-80a2-acece4216e23","alt-text":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-24/ojklpegy/Crude-Oil.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1735022151587,"content-version-id":"1d25d95f-3aaf-42b6-9e33-062b74696d8b","card-added-at":1735020536641,"status":"draft","id":"cf9c26b0-6b40-4d9e-912a-91943af8a67a","content-id":"cf9c26b0-6b40-4d9e-912a-91943af8a67a","version":30,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-12-24/ojklpegy/Crude-Oil.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Chart: CSE, Source: EIA","caption":null,"alt-text":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","metadata":{"width":910,"height":543,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":76628,"file-name":"Crude-Oil.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/159f1d39-42bb-4b08-a3f6-8fab03544c66/element/cce6c23f-5a70-41f8-ac63-4006ce073a0b","type":"text","family-id":"ef0a61ed-93f5-4a53-8c9e-f9a1126cfbf9","title":"","id":"cce6c23f-5a70-41f8-ac63-4006ce073a0b","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The US Department of Energy recently released an updated study on the country\u2019s LNG exports, suggesting scrutiny and caution over large LNG projects, as US consumers ultimately bear the increased costs of exports. On the environmental front, a single LNG project exporting 4 billion cubic feet per day would emit more GHG emissions than 141 of the world\u2019s countries did in 2023, according to the report.
A report by Oil Change International shows that the US is projected to have the highest emissions from planned oil and gas extractions between 2023 and 2050.
Meanwhile, the US also continues to lead global fossil fuel investments. Of the $5.1 trillion invested by private investors in fossil fuels, the US accounts for 60 per cent of the total, according to a report by Investing in Climate Chaos. The biggest beneficiaries of US institutional investments are companies such as ExxonMobil, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips. Vanguard, a US asset management company, is the single largest fossil fuel investor for two consecutive years, managing assets in coal, oil, and gas companies worth $444 billion.
All of this when, the US has also dumped 426 billion tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere since 1870, accounting for a quarter of cumulative historical emissions. It is still the world\u2019s second-largest emitter, with per capita emissions in 2023 at 14.3 tonnes \u2014 eight times higher than India\u2019s and a staggering 98 times greater than Ethiopia\u2019s.
With the Trump presidency set to take the reins next year, \u201CDrill, baby, drill\u201D may well become the subtext of US energy policy as the new administration clarifies its intentions \u2018to expedite permits for drilling and for fracking all over this country\u2019.
This reality should throw cold water on the optimism sparked by the NDC announcement from the US. Its callousness ensures that the climate crisis worsens, simply because the country has so far refused to compromise on the way it eats into the global carbon budget. Preserving the profits of its multinational corporations \u2014 especially in the fossil fuel sector and fueling its rampant consumption that characterise \u201Cthe American way of life\u201D remain a higher priority than preventing climate devastation worldwide.
"}],"card-updated-at":1735022151587,"content-version-id":"d67b70dc-ed83-451a-a91f-d6750d32d6e0","card-added-at":1735020884784,"status":"draft","id":"6c3a1370-ac6e-408c-866f-2cf77a1d19b7","content-id":"6c3a1370-ac6e-408c-866f-2cf77a1d19b7","version":25,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-12-24/glbm9rv4/Donald-Trump.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Photo: Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0","alt-text":"Fossil giant US announces new climate target, as Trump waits in the wings","caption":"US President-elect Donald Trump","metadata":{"width":1021,"height":681,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":155887,"file-name":"Donald-Trump.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/fossil-giant-us-announces-new-climate-target-as-trump-waits-in-the-wings","story-version-id":"7005e053-eec3-4525-9629-6a6e942ce7fb","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1735023081296,"author-id":2173444,"owner-id":1940154,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1735023081166,"hero-image-caption":"US President-elect Donald Trump","version":30,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1735022151580,"authors":[{"slug":"rudrath-avinashi","social":{},"name":"Rudrath Avinashi","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":2173444,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Rajat Ghai"}},{"id":"4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["A joke, indeed"]},"story":{"updated-at":1733460582322,"seo":{"meta-title":"COP29: A Summit of Controversy, Missed Opportunities, and Flawed Agreements","meta-description":"COP29 in Baku faced skepticism with Trump's election and geopolitical turmoil, but experts deemed it crucial since the Paris Agreement. Despite this, developed nations failed to provide credible climate finance offers, leading to suboptimal agreements on NCQG and Article 6, raising concerns about multilateralism and democracy.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1916772,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"A joke, indeed","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41","slug":"climate-change/a-joke-indeed","last-published-at":1733136447158,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"A conference of irresponsible parties that created an optical illusion to the reality of a new climate ","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":13,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1733130991029,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Jaidev Sharma","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":414211,"file-name":"46.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":3291,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1733136447158,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1733460585242,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/f8xdprft/46.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/51f00caf-70c8-43ac-949d-f66ac8a20948","type":"text","family-id":"a059e4ab-56cc-43ad-aa12-fed4d1b8e484","title":"","id":"51f00caf-70c8-43ac-949d-f66ac8a20948","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u201CIs COP29 dead after the Trump win?\u201D asked some members of the media a few days before the 29th Conference of the Parties to the UN climate summit (COP29) started on the shores of the Caspian Sea in Baku, Azerbaijan on November 11. News of former reality TV show host Donald Trump sweeping the polls to win a second, non-consecutive term as President of the US, seemed to be added as one more factor that prejudged this summit to be a particularly inconsequential one. Other reasons cited for this imminent failure were the large shoes that the UAE Presidency had left to fill with their public relation-bonanza of 2023, Azerbaijan\u2019s lack of climate credibility as a fossil fuel producer and the general turmoil of world geopolitics. But climate experts and observers commented that this was the most important COP since the signing of Paris Agreement in 2015. Labelled \u201Cfinance COP\u201D, its top agenda required developed countries to open their wallets and pay for their historical greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by helping to fund climate transition in the developing world.
In 2015, within the paragraphs of the Paris Agreement, it was decided that a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance would be decided before 2025, as a successor to the $100 billion target agreed upon in 2009. Between 2022 and 2024, no fewer than 11 Technical Expert Dialogues, two High Level Ministerials and three negotiations under an ad hoc work programme were held to deliberate on what can go into NCQG. Hundreds of hours of analysis and discussion, preparation and estimations of needs and sources of finance built up to the summit in Baku.
Many major world leaders preoccupied with the G20 Summit, domestic elections and collapse of their governments, did not come to Baku. This did not undermine the criticality of this moment for the formerly colonised countries of the Global South who are the worst victims of climate change. Despite this, developed countries showed up with no credible offers, and did not negotiate in good faith. There was some movement on the controversial Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which enables voluntary cooperation between countries to help them meet their climate targets through a carbon market mechanism. Parties adopted rules under Article 6 after nearly a decade of talks\u2014however, some of them are severely flawed.
At the end of the summit, which was extended by two days till November 24, the Azerbaijan Presidency gavelled down substantial outcomes on both NCQG and Article 6, ramming through sub-optimal agreements that still faced disagreements from developing countries and civil society. The Presidency\u2019s role must come under scrutiny for this. For the sake of preserving multilateralism, it may have inherently disbanded democracy and, in fact, multilateralism.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":742,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":480327,"file-name":"44.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/a6ab165f-cb68-4d77-b6cd-8217acb51278","type":"image","family-id":"6e10b250-b58c-405b-ad0c-fc5b7faf9fce","image-attribution":"Source: World Weather Attribution","title":"WATER-SCARCE EUROPE - The Boadella reservoir in Catalonia, Spain, was at 20 per cent of its capacity in the first week of August. Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and Morocco experienced extreme heat in July 2024. On July 30, the temperature in Barcelona, Spain, reached 40\u00B0C\u2014the hottest the city has seen in over 40 years. The temperatures would not have been possible if anthropogenic activities, such as burning of fossil fuels, had not warmed the planet, says World Weather Attribution. It also estimates that July heat, which is a 1- in-10 year event, would have been 2.5\u00B0C\u2013 3.3\u00B0C cooler without climate change. The previous month, June, was also the 12th month in a row when global mean temperatures were 1.5\u00B0C above pre-industrial levels. ","id":"a6ab165f-cb68-4d77-b6cd-8217acb51278","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/7ae5r7hh/44.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1733136442603,"content-version-id":"a4f82033-9052-49ac-b1b2-14ff775e5023","card-added-at":1733130991033,"status":"draft","id":"3ac882a4-1ffc-448d-82ae-7630a963bf8e","content-id":"3ac882a4-1ffc-448d-82ae-7630a963bf8e","version":26,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"A joke, indeed","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/7ae5r7hh/44.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Source: World Weather Attribution","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1060,"height":742,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":480327,"file-name":"44.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":645,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":238092,"file-name":"47.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/9f32ac2e-b4d9-464a-9499-8664e2cb93f7","type":"image","family-id":"d4252139-d228-4eca-91df-6c0446957103","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"9f32ac2e-b4d9-464a-9499-8664e2cb93f7","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/ywzogdem/47.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/05a08ee3-fb98-4a54-8cc4-fb8c1c1ad08d","type":"text","family-id":"486cbbb1-ab29-4f43-9b8f-dda676707e30","title":"","id":"05a08ee3-fb98-4a54-8cc4-fb8c1c1ad08d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The COP29 president gave us the [draft] text and left no space for discussion or addressing grievances. The gavel came down far too quickly. This agreement passed because developed countries wanted it,\u201D Juan Carlos Monterrey Gomez told Down To Earth. Gomez is the Special Representative for Climate Change from Panama in Latin America, a region where climate-related disasters have increased 2.4 times since 1970, according to the World Bank\u2019s Climate Change Knowledge Portal. In fact, the hopes of all developing nations dimmed as the COP29 Presidency adopted NCQG, allotting a meagre annual contribution of $300 billion by 2035. The deal also \u201Ccalls on all actors\u201D to contribute to an overall climate finance target of $1.3 trillion annually by 2035, including voluntary contributions from developing nations. This fund will replace the $100 billion per year commitment made by developed nations in 2009 to support climate action in developing countries by 2020, later extended to 2025. However, the $100 billion target has only been met once, in 2022, according to the intergovernmental body, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
During the COP29 plenary, India called the adopted text an \u201Coptical illusion\u201D, while Bolivia, Nigeria and Pakistan criticised the agreement\u2019s lack of ambition. The $300 billion figure falls far below developing countries\u2019 immediate climate needs. As per UNFCCC\u2019s second \u201CNeeds Determination Report\u201D, $455-584 billion per year is required until 2030 for developing countries to achieve nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The deal blatantly overlooks the obligation of developed countries to provide climate finance under Article 9.1 of Paris Agreement. Countries began cOP29 with the task of reaching consensus on quantum (the amount), contributor base (who pays for the goal) and sources of financing (public and private) for NCQG. Developed nations avoided discussions on the quantum, while developing countries pushed for clear commitments. The contributor base was another contentious issue, with the EU insisting to expand it to include all countries that have seen economic growth, a position strongly opposed by the developing bloc.
While far from sufficient, securing the $300 billion commitment from developed countries was an uphill battle. The negotiations began on November 11 with G77 and China\u2014the largest bloc of developing countries\u2014rejecting the initial NCQG draft, while demanding $1.3 trillion annually from developed nations. Two days later, a longer version of the text was shared, which G77 and China accepted for discussions. Deliberations then shifted to an informal mode, closed to observers. Meanwhile, speculation grew that the Global North would propose $200-300 billion annually, as Western media outlets such as Politico and news aggregator UN Climate Summit News wrote, with the latter conjecturing somewhat questionably that developing countries might approve a figure like $300 billion. These misdirections were clarified on November 20 when the chairs of G77 and China, African Group of Negotiators (AGN) and Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) bloc were asked by the media how they would respond to $200-300 billion as an offer. Diego Pacheco of LMDC responded, \u201CIs it a joke?\u201D Ali Mohamed of AGN agreed, saying, \u201CWe don\u2019t know where you are getting that $200 billion figure. The quantum that we are putting forward is nowhere near the figure being quoted here.\u201D On November 21, over 80 countries, including the African Group, LDCs and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), proposed a roadmap to mobilise finance towards the $1.3 trillion target. They suggested mechanisms such as redirecting fossil fuel subsidies\u2014estimated at $1.1 trillion annually in 2021-22\u2014to finance climate action.
On the last day of the scheduled negotiations, developed countries announced they wish to contribute $250 billion to NCQG. Drawing sharp criticism from the Global South, the negotiations were extended for another day. On November 23, the G77 lowered its public finance ask to $500 billion out of the $1.3 trillion goal. AGN asked for non-debt and concessional instruments to be included. Some developing countries, particularly in Latin America, attempted to play a \u201Cbridging role\u201D between the North and the South, which may have been detrimental to the G77\u2019s demand, or facilitate an easing of the deadlock, depending on who you ask.
On November 23, well past the official closure date, rumours emerged that the US was unwilling to acknowledge its obligation to provide climate finance via public money under Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement. They were keen to shirk their responsibility by focusing on Article 9.3 alone\u2014the mobilisation goal that allows finance to be brought in from the private finance and other sources. This aspect has been proven to be unreliable as the private sector chases profits, and is unwilling to invest long-term in developing countries where perceived \u201Cfinancial risks\u201D are high. There was also a concern about the impact of Trump\u2019s election.
A few hours before the closing plenary on November 23, Parties were called for an informal consultation by the presidency on the new text which had raised the quantum to $300 billion annually by 2035. LDCs and SIDS staged a walkout because the text ignored their call for including grant-equivalent financing for adaptation and loss and damage. They crit-icised the text\u2019s lack of ambition, inadequate finance quality, and absence of minimum allocation floors for vulnerable nations.
At the closing plenary on November 24, the COP29 Presidency gavelled a climate finance deal of $300 billion per year to developing countries from developed Parties and other sources by 2035. The text lacked language on NCQG being additional to existing aid commitments of the Global North. The $300 billion quantum is also not specified as grants-based or concessional, leaving scope for debt-worsening modes of financing in the Global South. The text also fails to clarify the separation between provision (assured contribution by governments) and mobilisation. Loss and damage is not included in the goal either. The complete operationalisation of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage was also achieved at Baku, but total pledges remain abysmally low at about $720 million, and the chance to supplement the fund through NCQG has been lost now as well. The adopted text decides to launch the Baku to Bel\u00E9m Roadmap to 1.3T Road to identify mechanisms by COP30 at Bel\u00E9m, Brazil, to increase the quantum from $300 billion to $1.3 trillion. The roadmap lacks substance, with no structure and accountability.
Ultimately, developed countries have diluted their responsibilities. What is telling is that, according to UK-based think tank Overseas Development Institute and others, developed countries would have reached $200 billion of climate finance by 2030 in business as usual scenarios as well. The $300 billion figure is slightly higher than the previous goal of $100 billion, adjusted for inflation. NCQG does not represent increased fiscal effort by countries obligated to provide climate finance in line with their historical responsibility and contributions to the climate crisis.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":251,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":90205,"file-name":"50.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/a4a1d986-0dd0-462e-b530-339d620be5aa","type":"image","family-id":"7f174cc3-d656-494b-843c-96af26c1a176","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"a4a1d986-0dd0-462e-b530-339d620be5aa","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/04ig3o36/50.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/56cac172-e097-4acc-b893-f67144bc6ca3","type":"text","family-id":"9c9143f1-697d-4fcc-8880-19525a66f12e","title":"","id":"56cac172-e097-4acc-b893-f67144bc6ca3","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"After nearly 10 years of negotiations, Parties at COP29 unanimously adopted rules for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement that allows voluntary cooperation among countries to implement nationally determined contributions (NDCs) through a carbon market mechanism. COP29\u2019s lead negotiator Yalchin Rafiyev explained that this would pave the way to decommission coal plants, build wind farms and plant forests. Parties adopted rules for three paragraphs under Article 6, however, some of them have severe flaws.
Article 6.2: This involves decentralised systems where two or more countries trade carbon credits or Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). One credit represents 1 tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent reduced or removed through projects. Article 6.2 is already operational, with 91 bilateral agreements signed among 56 countries, according to UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre. At COP29, countries were to resolve issues on authorisation (the host country where emission reduction occurs authorises transfer of ITMOs to another nation), transparency and reporting requirements (countries report on projects and ITMO trade to UNFCCC), handling inconsistencies (errors, underreporting and misreporting in submissions to UNFCCC) and registry functionality (registries record emission reduction activities and ITMO trade). The first week of talks did not see consensus and for most of the second week, talks were behind closed doors.
According to the final adopted draft, countries are allowed to make changes to the authorisation such as adjusting terms for issuance and withdrawal of ITMOs. On the reporting front, the text says a centralised platform would be used to record authorisation. But the final draft only \u201Crequests\u201D countries to provide information on aspects such as avoiding double counting (emission reductions being counted in two parties\u2019 inventories). Similarly, for handling inconsistencies, the final text \u201Crequests\u201D countries to not count ITMOs as part of NDCs if the UN expert review team flags issues, though the first draft said they \u201Cshall\u201D do so. Erika Lennon, senior attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law, a US non-profit, tells Down to Earth (DTE) that stronger language would have curbed use of ITMOs if a project violates human and indigenous peoples\u2019 rights or overestimates emissions. Credits arising from such projects are perceived as low quality.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":596,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":345845,"file-name":"p51DLpix-DSC8835-2.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/2daa355d-fc80-4787-8a14-5333f3a84552","type":"image","family-id":"d271cf99-a893-4f6d-9ff2-137ee5d7030a","image-attribution":"Photograph: Joel Michael ","title":"Civil society groups staged multiple protests at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, to denounce the lack of substantial commitment from developed nations towards climate finance","id":"2daa355d-fc80-4787-8a14-5333f3a84552","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/kpxy1b9j/p51DLpix-DSC8835-2.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/cf2258f2-23d7-4c86-8cfb-3448cbba15fb","type":"text","family-id":"bb0aa7ff-7c5f-43e6-af76-534e9e803039","title":"","id":"cf2258f2-23d7-4c86-8cfb-3448cbba15fb","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"During negotiations on registries, the US opposed an international registry that records transactions, while developing countries cited a lack of capacity to build a national registry. A middle ground was reached and the Secretariat was asked to provide an additional registry service for countries that request it. Overall, Article 6.2 as adopted is a weak framework that does not prevent parties from engaging in trade of low-quality carbon credits.
Article 6.4: The adoption of rules on Article 6.4, which will set up a global carbon market overseen by a UN Supervisory Body (SB), had a dramatic start. At COP28 in 2023, the \u201CConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement\u201D (CMA), the supreme body of UNFCCC, rejected SB\u2019s recommendations on rules for methodologies (to calculate emissions reductions) and carbon removals (how carbon dioxide removal activities are taken up). This October, prior to COP29, SB adopted the rules as standards without submitting them to negotiators and CMA for approval. At the COP29 opening plenary, Babaye endorsed the standards and said CMA would provide guidance to improve them.
During negotiations, the US proposed that SB avoid \u201Cfrequent substantive revisions\u201D to the standards, which saw pushback from developing countries. The final text requested SB to avoid frequent revisions while ensuring improvements. Another issue flagged was the transition of afforestation and reforestation projects from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, which allows trading of credits from developing to industrialised countries, to Article 6.4. The adopted text enables CDM projects in developing nations to earn certified emission reduction credits without passing additionality tests (checks that ensure emission reductions or removals would not have occurred in absence of the incentive created by carbon credit revenues). This is despite evidence suggesting CDM issued low-quality credits, as per non-profit Carbon Market Watch.
Article 6.8: This component provides a centralised platform where countries in need of financial support can submit planned mitigation projects, which can be taken up by richer nations. The web-based platform is operationalised, but no projects have been recorded so far. The adopted draft decision at COP29 calls on Parties for views on barriers to using the platform with potential solutions, and on the ways non-market approaches can support NDC implementation.
Negotiations at COP29 do not consider voluntary carbon market (VCM), as it is not included in the Paris Agreement. But VCM is likely to take cues from the Article 6 standards and decisions, including those that have flaws.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":297,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":103646,"file-name":"57.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/5502bda7-52e8-40be-b81f-84b459b35d7f","type":"image","family-id":"8fc7e130-8682-481f-b354-f8dc8b9b5b53","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"5502bda7-52e8-40be-b81f-84b459b35d7f","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/ixqg8obj/57.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/863fc6e0-eca1-4d02-9978-e54d2fda1074","type":"text","family-id":"daee7274-6d8f-435e-a841-a6f169f41bb5","title":"","id":"863fc6e0-eca1-4d02-9978-e54d2fda1074","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Mitigating the effects of climate change and adapting to the changing climate requires finance. COP29 did not offer much on the two fronts.
These funds can be sourced domestically, internationally, from multilateral agencies or private individuals. A critical tool to fund mitigation and adaptation is NCQG on climate finance, which, at COP29, received an allocation of just $300 billion for developing nations annually by 2035. The low NCQG sum could adversely affect the ambition shown by countries in preparing their third cycle of NDCs (targets for 2035) due in 2025. This is because the second \u201CNeeds Determination Report\u201D by UNFCCC, states that developing countries need a cumulative $5.012-6.852 trillion of finance until 2030 to achieve their stated NDCs.
Only three countries announced the third cycle of NDC at COP29\u2014the UAE, Brazil and the UK. The UAE and Brazil have committed to reduce their GHGs by 47 per cent by 2035, compared to 2019 levels and by 59-67 per cent by 2035, compared to 2005 levels. The UK shared just the headline target of reducing its economy-wide GHGs by at least 81 per cent by 2035 compared to 1990 levels. An analysis of the target by the Climate Action Tracker, an independent assessment which tracks the emission commitments and actions of countries, says that while UAE\u2019s new 2035 NDC is compatible to keep temperatures within the 1.5\u02DAC range, the country has not updated its NDC target for 2030, which is not aligned to the 1.\u02DA5C pathway. Brazil\u2019s targets show a lack of transparency as they lack details on the role of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in defining its 2035 NDC target. While the UK\u2019s headline number is ambitious, it does not represent the country\u2019s fair share, Neil Grant, Senior Climate and Energy Analyst at Climate Analytics, tells DTE.
At COP28 in Dubai last year, countries had also agreed to establish UAE dialogue on implementing Global Stocktake (GST), which assesses the world\u2019s progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change, addresses gaps and informs enhanced delivery of climate action. GST is done every five years since 2018. However, no progress was made on the UAE dialogue at COP29 after several blocs and countries objected to the adoption of the text at the closing plenary, expressing disappointment that the text was backtracking from the commitment made in Dubai to enhance mitigation.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1800,"height":1832,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":1413489,"file-name":"45.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/63a42f6c-fda1-4fc8-93a6-8554442cde32","type":"image","family-id":"97988869-d989-4239-b769-b18f0ba3d4dd","image-attribution":"Source: Official website of the COP29 Presidency","title":"","id":"63a42f6c-fda1-4fc8-93a6-8554442cde32","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/vwiykdg7/45.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/f5550e53-01f4-421a-87bd-8f31bacec834","type":"text","family-id":"f7673bc9-5ffc-497f-923d-1e5110ed38d8","title":"","id":"f5550e53-01f4-421a-87bd-8f31bacec834","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"With blocs such as the African Group hoping for a separate sub goal on adaptation under NCQG, countries at COP29 ap-peared to be waiting for negotiations on the finance goal to conclude before advancing on adaptation discussions. However, the final NCQG text did not include such a sub goal. Instead, developing countries are now expected to use an undetermined fraction of the $300 billion per year offered under NCQG for adaptation. This meagre amount would be marked for developing countries\u2019 National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Adaptation Communications to UNFCCC, and on implementing the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA). GGA is a collective target for countries to assess progress on measures taken to adapt to the impacts of climate change. It was established under the Paris Agreement and adopted as the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience (FGCR) at COP28 in Dubai.
New contributions to the Adaptation Fund, established in 2001 under the Kyoto Protocol to finance projects and programmes that help vulnerable communities in developing countries adapt to climate change, also fell short at COP29. Countries pledged a total of $61 million to the fund, as against the annual goal of $300 million.
Adaptation negotiations overall saw slow progress. In terms of UAE-FGCR, work is underway to establish indicators to measure progress\u20145,000 indicators are currently proposed, to be brought down to 100 through meetings of the UAE-Belem Work Programme, scheduled to be concluded at COP30 in Belem, Brazil. A technical report on the Work Pro-gramme\u2019s progress is due a month before the next Subsidiary Bodies conference in Bonn, Germany in June 2025. Nego-tiations on NAPs (which all countries must prepare by 2030, as agreed in COP28) were also pushed to June 2025, with a lack of consensus between developed and developing nation blocs on subjects such as implementation and inclusion of adaptation finance in the plans.
COP29 saw the Global North abandon its obligations to enable the climate transition in the developing world for the remaining part of this decade when urgent climate action is crucial. Up next is the update to the NDC cycle, which will see calls to raise ambition from \u201Call\u201D countries\u2014climate polluters and victims\u2014in an audacious act of hypocrisy from the Global North.
COP30 host Brazil\u2014itself a growing power and diplomatic behemoth\u2014played a part in rushing through the finance outcome in Baku, not wanting to deal with the mess of this negotiation in Belem next year. Brazil\u2019s Presidency offers both promise and reason for caution. An emerging Global South leader in an increasingly multipolar world that has been vocal about sticky issues like the unsavoury hegemony of the dollar in global trade, and the need to tax the ultrawealthy, Brazil has the opportunity to tilt the scales and reclaim the ground that G77 gave up in bargaining power this year.
Brazil has raised the issue of operationalising equity in the phaseout of fossil fuels\u2014an aspect missing in the GST outcome of 2023. On the other hand, its aspirations to expand oil and gas production domestically and the spotlight that questionable carbon market deals may get at COP30 without sufficient scrutiny, should keep observers and governments on their toes. Many argue it is too late to save the climate, but those who have been fighting the fight know it is only too late if we give up.
"}],"card-updated-at":1733460572417,"content-version-id":"35a28cf8-71c6-4e24-ae0f-efe037be6cd4","card-added-at":1733131864925,"status":"draft","id":"44fb785b-3ec6-4959-a66c-14b9451ddedc","content-id":"44fb785b-3ec6-4959-a66c-14b9451ddedc","version":21,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"A joke, indeed","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/ywzogdem/47.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1060,"height":645,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":238092,"file-name":"47.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/4bcdae40-6314-4d0b-956e-0dc2297d0a41/element/6d41cd9a-6418-4846-a495-8f9f36250f89","type":"text","family-id":"c4f3c0be-2043-433f-b33c-692f8361b389","title":"","id":"6d41cd9a-6418-4846-a495-8f9f36250f89","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"This was first published in the 1-15 December, 2024 print edition of Down To Earth
"}],"card-updated-at":1733136442603,"content-version-id":"6ecf2f22-f0dc-494a-9dae-b407fd1c28c2","card-added-at":1733136415516,"status":"draft","id":"b9484c3b-beb3-45a7-8c65-7f7345323f90","content-id":"b9484c3b-beb3-45a7-8c65-7f7345323f90","version":2,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"A joke, indeed","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-12-02/f8xdprft/46.jpg","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1060,"height":600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":414211,"file-name":"46.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/a-joke-indeed","story-version-id":"e9e6233f-afd2-4ab8-8cbf-d7ac5e9a8355","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1733460585264,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1916772,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1733136447158,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":29,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1733460572403,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rohini-krishnamurthy","social":{},"name":"Rohini Krishnamurthy","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.94126700_1659246880_45.jpg","bio":"Former Senior Reporter, Down To Earth","id":1941106,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"sehr-raheja","social":{},"name":"Sehr Raheja","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.25523300_1695886373_photo_sehr.jpeg","bio":"Programme Officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944536,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"akshit-sangomla","social":{},"name":"Akshit Sangomla","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-07/9cc3ba51-9f04-4dbe-8b1b-42bcae7b0df7/Photo_for_CSE_Website.jpeg","bio":"Correspondent, Down To Earth","id":1943823,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-07/9cc3ba51-9f04-4dbe-8b1b-42bcae7b0df7/Photo_for_CSE_Website.jpeg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"upamanyu-das","social":{},"name":"Upamanyu Das","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, CSE","id":2018720,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rudrath-avinashi","social":{},"name":"Rudrath Avinashi","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":2173444,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Jaidev Sharma"}},{"id":"c81edc86-f20f-4f43-bdb4-0d408dac4dc1","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Gobar Times: How COP works"]},"story":{"updated-at":1742048587016,"seo":{"meta-title":"Understanding COP: The Global Summit on Climate Change","meta-description":"Discover how COP summits work and their role in managing climate change. Learn about the Conference of Parties and their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9595331,"name":"Conference Of Parties","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"conference-of-parties","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9693650,"name":"Gobar Times","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"gobar-times","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9700118,"name":"COP","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Gobar Times: How COP works","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"c81edc86-f20f-4f43-bdb4-0d408dac4dc1","slug":"climate-change/gobar-times-how-cop-works","last-published-at":1732962088307,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"All about the Conference of Parties summits","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":1,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1732961700057,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":800,"height":505,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":201899,"file-name":"0.487838001700717993classcopcover.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":82,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1732962088307,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1742048589570,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"Gobar Times: How COP works","id":"c81edc86-f20f-4f43-bdb4-0d408dac4dc1","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-30/9kfk51t6/0.487838001700717993classcopcover.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/c81edc86-f20f-4f43-bdb4-0d408dac4dc1/element/760b1a28-4223-4fe7-99b1-6a27b1325be2","type":"text","family-id":"e480062f-9788-4946-a1a9-b43369771d3b","title":"","id":"760b1a28-4223-4fe7-99b1-6a27b1325be2","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Many of you have heard about COP summits. These are very big meetings that take place around the world where people gather to discuss climate change and how to manage it. COP stands for Conference of Parties. Basically, it is a group of countries who have agreed to work together to act and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), so that the worst effects of climate change are avoided...
To read the rest of the story, head to Down To Earth\u2019s sister site Young Environmentalist.
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The Global North's reluctance to meet higher demands leaves the Global South grappling with inadequate support for climate action.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Upamanyu Das","tags":[{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"The Great Escape from Baku: Global North abandons South, denies adequate climate finance at COP29","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"7c4c4550-e6df-4e05-a8c8-d3515055800e","slug":"climate-change/the-great-escape-from-baku-global-north-abandons-south-denies-adequate-climate-finance-at-cop29","last-published-at":1732407350642,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The outcome of the New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance will see $300 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries, marred by a range of ambiguities\u00A0\n","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1732405908233,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1095,"height":538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":184350,"file-name":"COP29-Baku.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":669,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1732407350642,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1732428529114,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo: @COP29_AZ / X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"The Great Escape from Baku: Global North abandons South, denies adequate climate finance at COP29","id":"7c4c4550-e6df-4e05-a8c8-d3515055800e","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-24/c14p4bmn/COP29-Baku.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/7c4c4550-e6df-4e05-a8c8-d3515055800e/element/0f480970-f27d-4f1d-a156-49981f57e110","type":"text","family-id":"96a74b70-8489-4525-b08c-2de883a3bf07","title":"","id":"0f480970-f27d-4f1d-a156-49981f57e110","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"A deal of $300 billion per year to developing countries from developed countries and other sources was reached at the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the Azeri capital of Baku early on the morning of November 24, 2024.
The gavelling of the decision regarding the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance followed a decade of anticipation, two plus years of negotiations and technical analysis, and the past two weeks of political bargaining.
Through the final days of COP29, Parties engaged in critical negotiations on the quantum and quality to be provided under the NCQG. The Presidency text on the NCQG, released on the morning of November 23, brought forth strong contestations from developing countries.
The text \u201Ccalls on all actors\u201D to enable scaled up climate finance for developing countries to at least US $1.3 trillion per year by 2035 and encourages developing countries to contribute towards this target on a voluntary basis. This dilutes the legal obligation of developed countries to provide the entirety of the finance under the goal.
The text also extends the previous US $100 billion goal to only US $300 billion per year by 2035 (up from US $250 billion mentioned in the previous draft) with developed countries \u201Ctaking the lead\u201D. The stated US $300 billion figure falls miles short of the required scale of funds. The demand from the G77 and China bloc \u2014 the largest negotiating bloc of 130+ developing countries \u2014 was for $600 billion in public finance from developed countries, out of a larger demand of $1.3 trillion per year by 2030. This was revised downwards to $500 billion in the final days of the negotiations.
According to the UNFCCC\u2019s Second Needs Determination Report, a cumulative US $5.012-$6.852 trillion is required until 2030 to support developing countries in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions. The gap in adaptation finance alone stands at a staggering US $194-366 billion per year. This only shows dismal levels of ambition from developed countries.
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1197,"height":1600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":312273,"file-name":"CSE.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/7c4c4550-e6df-4e05-a8c8-d3515055800e/element/3637d7ba-aa27-450a-a941-8d8988f2f164","type":"image","family-id":"343936b6-24ff-47a4-9529-fd054576c0b7","image-attribution":"By Avantika Goswami, Sehr Raheja, CSE","title":"","id":"3637d7ba-aa27-450a-a941-8d8988f2f164","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-24/o69e4z83/CSE.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null}],"card-updated-at":1732407344442,"content-version-id":"f491bbaa-1633-488a-b82c-b24d56719896","card-added-at":1732405908235,"status":"draft","id":"e66d397a-e604-447e-9e4d-6c55b1ff7b43","content-id":"e66d397a-e604-447e-9e4d-6c55b1ff7b43","version":33,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Great Escape from Baku: Global North abandons South, denies adequate climate finance at COP29","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-24/o69e4z83/CSE.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"By Avantika Goswami, Sehr Raheja, CSE","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":1197,"height":1600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":312273,"file-name":"CSE.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/7c4c4550-e6df-4e05-a8c8-d3515055800e/element/62d3ec0a-a23e-43ae-bfe9-9a1a1afcbb7d","type":"text","family-id":"8c2853e0-2543-4bcd-abce-8a21abfe919a","title":"","id":"62d3ec0a-a23e-43ae-bfe9-9a1a1afcbb7d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The decision text does not clarify any separation between \u2018provision\u2019 and \u2018mobilisation\u2019, which provides leeway for developed countries to shift their financial obligations onto the private sector. It also lacks language on the NCQG being additional to existing aid commitments of developed countries or any specific sub-goal for grants or grant-equivalent finance under the new target.
Moreover, given the timeframe provided in the text, developing countries could remain stuck with a highly inadequate quantum of finance till 2034, before it gets ramped up to $300 billion by 2035.
Negotiations were difficult and threatened to break down at various points. Delegates from the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) walked out of consultations on the late evening of November 23 as the negotiations were not offering a progressive way forward for their countries\u2019 circumstances and demands. LDCs and SIDS had been demanding an adequate finance target (in line with the G77 and China bloc\u2019s demand) with specific allocation floors for their countries.
At the closing plenary, the Presidency gavelled down the decision on the NCQG early in the meeting. They were met with a strong statement from the Indian delegation who had asked to make a statement prior to the adoption of the decision. India objected to the adoption of the decision and expressed strong disapproval for the elements of the text as well as a \u2018lack of trust\u2019 in the process.
In putting forth such a weak outcome, the Global North has essentially abandoned the South with this meagre offer of $300 billion; it has no right to demand mitigation ambition from our part of the world with so little finance on the table. The ambiguities of the goal make it clear that there will be little accountability and traceability of funds. This was the last remaining window for the North to step up, pay its fair share, and restore some semblance of trust in the multilateral process. They have failed.
"}],"card-updated-at":1732428523457,"content-version-id":"44d83cf5-ce80-4971-afee-40da0a20f74c","card-added-at":1732406934086,"status":"draft","id":"7079b81e-9713-4af5-a1a2-e9570633b6a4","content-id":"7079b81e-9713-4af5-a1a2-e9570633b6a4","version":12,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Great Escape from Baku: Global North abandons South, denies adequate climate finance at COP29","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-24/c14p4bmn/COP29-Baku.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Photo: @COP29_AZ / X","alt-text":"The Great Escape from Baku: Global North abandons South, denies adequate climate finance at COP29","caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1095,"height":538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":184350,"file-name":"COP29-Baku.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/the-great-escape-from-baku-global-north-abandons-south-denies-adequate-climate-finance-at-cop29","story-version-id":"1bf5c60a-bafc-4823-bc0d-c3e3bee3de14","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1732428529119,"author-id":2018720,"owner-id":1940154,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1732407350642,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":34,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1732428523450,"authors":[{"slug":"upamanyu-das","social":{},"name":"Upamanyu Das","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, CSE","id":2018720,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-09/qqlw46a9/Upamanyu.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Rajat Ghai"}},{"id":"370d213d-c4b2-48f0-ac60-9dd40f3230f1","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["COP29 Diary (November 12, 2024): Talks kick off on mitigation work programme"]},"story":{"updated-at":1732283041611,"seo":{"meta-title":"COP29 Diary: Mitigation Work Programme Discussions Begin in Baku","meta-description":"Day 2 of COP29 in Baku sees discussions on mitigation and finance. Key topics include the 1.5\u00B0C target, Nationally Determined Contributions, and the New Collective Quantified Goal. Learn more about the latest developments in climate action.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9595328,"name":"Loss and Damage","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"loss-and-damage","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9597993,"name":"mitigation work programme","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"mitigation-work-programme","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9598365,"name":"nationally determined contributions","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"nationally-determined-contributions","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9606579,"name":"loss and damage fund","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"loss-and-damage-fund","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9606624,"name":"global goal on adaptation","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-goal-on-adaptation","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9606810,"name":"new collective quantified goal (ncqg)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"new-collective-quantified-goal-ncqg","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715680,"name":"article 6.4","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"article-64","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715690,"name":"article 6.4 paris agreement","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"article-64-paris-agreement","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10314207,"name":"UN COP29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"un-cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10806363,"name":"Climate Club","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-club","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10806365,"name":"Article 6.2","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"article-62","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10806367,"name":"Methane summit","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"methane-summit","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"COP29 Diary (November 12, 2024): Talks kick off on mitigation work programme","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"370d213d-c4b2-48f0-ac60-9dd40f3230f1","slug":"climate-change/cop29-diary-november-12-2024-talks-kick-off-on-mitigation-work-programme","last-published-at":1732283060014,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"G77, China reject framework for a negotiating text on NCQG; loss and damage fund fully formalised","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":4,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1731488367374,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"COP29 kicks off discussions on mitigation work programme in Baku. Key focus: keeping 1.5\u00B0C target within sight.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1536,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":573443,"file-name":"COP29-2.jfif"},"comments":null,"word-count":1019,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1732283060014,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":"COP29 Day 2: Mitigation Talks Begin, Focus on 1.5\u00B0C Target","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"370d213d-c4b2-48f0-ac60-9dd40f3230f1","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-13/2fpcc63g/COP29-2.jfif","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/370d213d-c4b2-48f0-ac60-9dd40f3230f1/element/5be248dd-cd78-49a0-bad0-0f87eea91036","type":"text","family-id":"943f5f63-eb83-4dc7-be25-75a8ff732523","title":"","id":"5be248dd-cd78-49a0-bad0-0f87eea91036","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Baku, Azerbaijan, began November 11, 2024. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the second day of COP29. Also read the diary for November 11, November 13, November 14, November 15, November 16, November 18, November 19, November 20 and November 21.
Discussions on the Sharm el-Sheikh mitigation ambition and implementation work programme (MWP) kicked off in Baku on November 12, with Parties acknowledging the two Global Dialogues / Investments Focused Events (GD / IFE) that took place this year on the theme of cities.
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and developed countries like Switzerland, South Korea, Norway and the United States discussed the need to keep the 1.5 degrees Celsius target within sight and align Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) with the same. Zimbabwe, on behalf of the African Group, spoke about the importance of the IFE and the need to enhance it, especially the matchmaking element, in order to unlock much-needed finance.
Bangladesh appreciated discussions during the GD on structural barriers to investment and stated that they looked forward to receiving adequate support from the international community to implement conditional NDCs. There was also discussion on how to link the United Arab Emirates Dialogue on the global stocktake (GST) with the MWP.
Some Parties indicated that a decision text coming out of Baku must be substantial and not procedural and, for this, perhaps countries can make submissions immediately.
The G77 and China rejected the framework for a negotiating text on NCQG. This was supported by developing country blocs, including Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC), AOSIS, Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean, Group SUR (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina), African Group and Arab Group.
These groups have also asked the co-chairs to prepare a new text that reflects their positions, demanding a quantum of at least $1.3 trillion based on the needs of developing countries, specifying the \u2018provision\u2019 aspect of the goal from developed to developing countries (and not framing the NCQG as an investment goal) in line with Article 9.1 and 9.3 of Paris Agreement and Article 4 of the Convention, specifying what does not count as climate finance and addressing disenablers of climate finance in the Global South.
Other demands included regional allocation floors, thematic sub-goals on mitigation, adaptation and loss.
and damage, providing arrears for the $100 billion commitment and ensuring the NCQG is predictable, new and additional, grants-based and concessional and does not worsen indebtedness.
Developed countries reasserted their view that the NCQG should be a multilayered goal with a \u2018provision\u2019 target and a global investment target, the contributor base should be expanded to include countries that are already providing large amounts of climate finance bilaterally and that the quantum remains dependent on the discussions about the sources, contributor base and timeframe of the goal.
Three documents were signed between the UNFCCC, the Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), the World Bank and the host country, the Philippines, fully formalising the FRLD. Funds are now expected to be accessible to vulnerable developing countries by 2025. Sweden was the sole country pledging additional finance ($19 million), bringing the total pledged funding to approximately $720 million.
At the first informal consultations on GGA at COP 29, the discussion was focused on indicators to track the progress on the various targets of its framework. The G77, China bloc and many other developing country groups wanted the indicators to track the means of implementation but the European Union and many other developed countries such as Japan rejected this proposition.
The discussion now is around binding global indicators and voluntary local indicators for Parties to track progress in their own countries, though Russia wants both these indicators (global and local) to be voluntary. The final report on the indicators by the technical experts is to be presented to the Parties before the Subsidiary Bodies conference (SB62) in Bonn, Germany in June 2025.
A statement by the Climate Club \u2014 co facilitated by Chile and Germany \u2014 stated that a set of actionable, implementable and reliable policy frameworks is needed to accelerate industrial decarbonisation. This was coupled with a report on the \u2018Strategic dialogue on causes and relevance of spillovers from mitigation policies\u2019.
Issues similar to those under Article 6.2 \u2014 authorisation process and registries \u2014 were discussed. The African Group said that authorisation elements need to follow the discussion of the Article 6.2 forum. AOSIS raised questions over retroactive authorisation of mitigation outcomes.
There were discussions on the definition of cooperative approaches under Article 6.2. The Least Developed Countries said they are concerned about voluntary approaches on some issues, such as authorisation, because it would mean that the party may not do anything and it could lead to a lack of transparency.
At the COP29 summit on methane and other greenhouse gas emisisons, the European Commission launched a new Methane Abatement Partnership Roadmap to speed up reduction of methane emissions associated with fossil energy production and consumption, in partnership with Canada, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States and a few non governmental organisations.
The goal is to forge cooperation framework between fossil fuel importing and exporting countries to reduce emissions through the supply chains and to support improvements in monitoring, reporting and verification system. Methane is also a powerful greenhouse gas and is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period.
UK announced ambitious NDCs as it continues reliance on polluting oil and gas. The UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer pledged that the country will cut all greenhouse gas emissions by 81 per cent compared with 1990 levels by 2035, due to be submitted in 2025.
Earlier this year, the country announced that it also plans to invest almost \u00A322 billion in carbon capture and storage \u2014 technologies that capture carbon dioxide from a polluting source and store it underground. This will keep the country to continue its dependance on fossil fuel past 2050 \u2014 the year it plans to reach Net Zero.
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Discover the key discussions and decisions made by the G-77, China, and developed nations on transparency, finance access, and human rights.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Sehr Raheja","tags":[{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"COP29 Diary (November 14, 2024): Negotiators agree to discuss select elements of NCQG \n","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"27fbfa8f-0b80-4a6e-9218-888b41529c02","slug":"climate-change/cop29-diary-november-14-2024-negotiators-agree-to-discuss-select-elements-of-ncqg","last-published-at":1732188435073,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"EU expresses concern over spirit of negotiations","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":4,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1731661589144,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1095,"height":538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":114289,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1069,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1732188435073,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1732283238883,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo: @COP29_AZ / X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"27fbfa8f-0b80-4a6e-9218-888b41529c02","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-15/oj1j4ntl/Mukhtar-Babayev.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/27fbfa8f-0b80-4a6e-9218-888b41529c02/element/e43bcb0d-6e85-4ac8-b5e0-fc73cdce1a4d","type":"text","family-id":"c2a68099-ddb5-4edf-9182-06f095bc162e","title":"","id":"e43bcb0d-6e85-4ac8-b5e0-fc73cdce1a4d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Baku, Azerbaijan, began November 11, 2024. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the fourth day of COP29. Also read the diary for November 11, November 12, November 13, November 15, November 16, November 18, November 19, November 20 and November 21.
On Nov 14, the G77 and China prioritised synthesising the text over substantive discussions, a stance opposed by developed nations like Canada, the EU, and New Zealand. Some progress was made as the G77 and China agreed to informal discussions on transparency, access, and dis-enablers.
By the afternoon, talks moved to \u201Cinformal informals,\u201D which are closed to observers. Negotiators agreed to discuss select elements of the goal: transparency, access, dis-enablers of accessing finance and human rights \u2014 which already had some consensus. This approach risks delaying critical issues \u2014 such as the quantum and contributor base \u2014 to the second week, when time pressures will intensify.
An updated draft text was uploaded for the negotiations on the work programme under the framework for non-market approaches (NMA) referred to in Article 6.8. The discussions were on the scope of NMAs. Elements such as how to enable previous assessments and creating methodologies for analysing a successful non-market approach saw contrasting opinions between the developed and developing countries with suggestions of deletion of the concerned paragraphs by the former due to no prior discussions. The co-chair suspended the session and asked the parties to come up with specific recommendations to the text on bracketed paragraphs by the evening.
The proposed agenda item by BASIC countries on unilateral trade measures at the opening plenary of COP29 was referred for Presidency consultations. The COP29 Presidency announced that consultations on unilateral restrictive trade measures will begin on November 15, where Parties can provide their views.
An informal note was produced by the co-facilitators of the Sharm el-Sheikh mitigation ambition and implementation work programme (MWP) on November 14, highlighting initial reflections from Parties about the way forward. Further discussions will ensue on how to integrate the outcomes of the Global Stocktake within the MWP, and to what extent discussions from the two Global Dialogues this year will inform the political outcome at COP29.
The negotiations on the NAPs could not move forward on November 14 and Nabeel Munir, the chair of the Subsidiaries Bodies on Implementation (SBI), had to intervene. The G77 and China negotiating bloc agreed on a mandate for the co-chairs to produce a draft text with inclusion of references to the mandate of the developed countries to provide the means of implementation, including finance, to developing countries, the gap in adaptation finance and keeping the private sector out of providing adaptation finance. Some developed countries did not want the references to adaptation finance under NAPs.
A new report has estimated that emerging market and developing countries (EMDC) other than China require $2.3-2.5 trillion per year of investment in climate action by 2030. This could feed into negotiations on the new climate finance goal, NCQG, at COP29.
At a press conference, the EU expressed concern over the spirit of negotiations and that it was hard to see where the landing zone for a deal would be. Vernoika Bagi, the Head of Delegation of the EU stressed that nations have to agree on the quantum with extended group of contributors that includes developing countries that are capable of providing finance. There was also a focus on mobilising private finance to help parties meet their Nationally Determined Contributions and the trillion-dollar needs.
ESCAP along with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) and UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) organised this event on financing low carbon energy transition in Asia and the Pacific with the objective of how middle-income countries (MIC) in Asia and the Pacific can finance their low carbon energy transition that is aligned with their national circumstances and priorities. The event brought together speakers from MIC governments, private finance, public development banks and industry. The Speakers from Philippines and Indonesia put forward their ongoing initiatives on energy transition and also highlighted the issues they are facing.
At a COP29 side event, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and International Energy Agency (IEA) emphasised the need to accelerate energy efficiency in Africa as a critical component of the global net-zero strategy. The session underscored Africa\u2019s unique opportunity to adopt modern, efficient infrastructure directly, but also highlighted pressing challenges, including outdated grid systems, inconsistent regulatory standards, funding limitations, and low public awareness. Recommendations focused on fostering strong public-private partnerships, implementing targeted investments, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and promoting consumer education to drive impactful, sustainable energy efficiency improvements across sectors.
The Industrial Transition Accelerator (ITA) issued an open letter to urge governments to increase green public procurement of low-carbon products in heavy emitting industries. The ITA was launched at COP28 Dubai hosted by the Mission Possible Partnership (MPP). Currently endorsed by 50 global business leaders and a network of more than 700 financial institutions, ITA\u2019s open letter outlines that governments must urgently act to stimulate demand for low- and near zero-carbon materials. Data published by the ITA and the MPP reveals a growing pipeline of industrial projects globally \u2014 nearly 700 across aluminium, cement, chemicals, steel, aviation and shipping. However, less than 20 per cent are operational or have secured the finance and approvals necessary to begin construction. The more than 500 projects together are awaiting finance more than US$1 trillion. The open letter also lists down possible policy measures for countries.
The session focused on strategies for integrating hydrogen into a sustainable energy transition, highlighting the release of draft guidelines by UN organisations to support large-scale hydrogen projects aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These guidelines aim to streamline permitting, standardising ESG compliance, and addressing first-mover challenges. Key discussions also covered the environmental and social risks of hydrogen production, financial risk management, and the importance of policy support to stimulate demand for green hydrogen. The session concluded with a commitment to further develop these guidelines to ensure socially inclusive and sustainable hydrogen projects worldwide.
"}],"card-updated-at":1732283233482,"content-version-id":"6c44bd36-b80c-4c96-b116-c6e0cda969c1","card-added-at":1731661589145,"status":"draft","id":"ccfe13cd-454a-43be-9381-d37e6d339e88","content-id":"ccfe13cd-454a-43be-9381-d37e6d339e88","version":50,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"COP29 Diary (November 14, 2024): Negotiators agree to discuss select elements of NCQG \n","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-15/oj1j4ntl/Mukhtar-Babayev.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Photo: @COP29_AZ / X","alt-text":null,"caption":"COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev","metadata":{"width":1095,"height":538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":114289,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cop29-diary-november-14-2024-negotiators-agree-to-discuss-select-elements-of-ncqg","story-version-id":"d74dd46c-d9e9-4d32-98d1-f04a22e0a689","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1732283238887,"author-id":1944536,"owner-id":1940154,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1731668158982,"hero-image-caption":"COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev","version":51,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1732283233473,"authors":[{"slug":"sehr-raheja","social":{},"name":"Sehr Raheja","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.25523300_1695886373_photo_sehr.jpeg","bio":"Programme Officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944536,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rudrath-avinashi","social":{},"name":"Rudrath Avinashi","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","bio":"Programme officer, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":2173444,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-04-09/k2u98l0m/1000216938.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"akshit-sangomla","social":{},"name":"Akshit Sangomla","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-07/9cc3ba51-9f04-4dbe-8b1b-42bcae7b0df7/Photo_for_CSE_Website.jpeg","bio":"Correspondent, Down To Earth","id":1943823,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-07/9cc3ba51-9f04-4dbe-8b1b-42bcae7b0df7/Photo_for_CSE_Website.jpeg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"rohini-krishnamurthy","social":{},"name":"Rohini Krishnamurthy","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.94126700_1659246880_45.jpg","bio":"Former Senior Reporter, Down To Earth","id":1941106,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"parth-kumar","social":{},"name":"Parth Kumar","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-11-22/z1z1wxt6/1735629234307.jpg","bio":"Programme Manager, Sustainable Industrialisation Unit, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. He can be reached at parthkumar@cseindia.org","id":1940561,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-11-22/z1z1wxt6/1735629234307.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"shubham-mishra","social":{},"name":"Shubham Mishra","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-15/nz5tz3de/Shubham_Mishra.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Industrial Pollution, Centre for Science and ENvironment","id":2173696,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-15/nz5tz3de/Shubham_Mishra.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"manas-agrawal","social":{},"name":"Manas Agrawal","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.91565100_1696581411_manas-jpg.jpg","bio":"Former Research Associate, Industrial Pollution Unit, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1944591,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Rajat Ghai"}},{"id":"e72824e9-fd68-46e3-9975-8f03596bb53d","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["\u201CIs it a joke?\u201D: Developing countries slam rumoured proposal for $200-300 billion in new climate finance from developed countries"]},"story":{"updated-at":1732170592418,"seo":{"meta-title":"Developing Nations Reject $200-300 Billion Climate Finance Proposal at COP29","meta-description":"Developing countries criticize a rumored $200-300 billion climate finance proposal from developed nations at COP29, demanding the $1.3 trillion they need to tackle climate change effectively.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9595329,"name":"UNFCCC","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"\u201CIs it a joke?\u201D: Developing countries slam rumoured proposal for $200-300 billion in new climate finance from developed countries","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"e72824e9-fd68-46e3-9975-8f03596bb53d","slug":"climate-change/is-it-a-joke-developing-countries-slam-rumoured-proposal-for-200-300-billion-in-new-climate-finance-from-developed-countries","last-published-at":1732170595987,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"At a joint press conference in Baku, leaders of developing country blocs reiterated their demand for $1.3 trillion in annual climate finance flows, as talks heat up in COP29","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":2,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1732169856030,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1100,"height":618,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":148957,"file-name":"COP29-Baku.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":463,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1732170595987,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo: Joel Michael/CSE","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"\u201CIs it a joke?\u201D: Developing countries slam rumoured proposal for $200-300 billion in new climate finance from developed countries","id":"e72824e9-fd68-46e3-9975-8f03596bb53d","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-21/ypu7elvu/COP29-Baku.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/e72824e9-fd68-46e3-9975-8f03596bb53d/element/41a79f88-dd78-4483-a156-cc9624aee089","type":"text","family-id":"47012596-17e0-49bc-aa6e-91db7b4071b9","title":"","id":"41a79f88-dd78-4483-a156-cc9624aee089","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Talks have started to simmer to a gradual boil in Baku at the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as negotiations towards a new climate finance target \u2014 the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) \u2014 trudge towards a finish line not yet in sight. With rumours of a figure of $200-300 billion in climate finance being peddled by the European Union and global media, developing country leaders convened a special press conference on November 20, facilitated by civil society groups.
Ambassador Adonia Ayebare representing the G77 and China bloc \u2014 the biggest bloc of developing countries \u2014 reminded all that they have laid out their demands for finance on day 1 of the conference. The G77 have asked for $1.3 trillion in annual climate finance flows, primarily in public finance from governments. However, developed countries have met this with a \u2018radio silence\u2019 and no detailed plans, he said. \u201CIt is imperative for developed countries to step up and meet the expectation set forth by developing nations who are on the frontline of the climate emergency,\u201D he added.
Ali Mohamed, Kenya\u2019s Climate Envoy represented the African Group of Negotiators (AGN) and echoed that no confirmation was received on the quantum demanded, despite there being a clear obligation for developed countries to give support to developing countries to meet the urgent and immediate needs of addressing climate change.
When asked about the $200 billion proposal that was floated from European colleagues \u2014 a figure far below the $1.3 trillion \u2014 Bolivia\u2019s Diego Pacheco, representing the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC), said, \u201CIs it a joke?\u201D.
\u201CWe don\u2019t know where you are getting that $200 billion figure. The quantum that we are putting forward is nowhere near the figure being quoted here. The Adaptation Gap report put a figure of up to $400 billion on the gap for meeting adaptation needs in developing countries. That is why colleagues are asking if it is a joke. It cannot even respond to the gap on adaptation, let alone other needs,\u201D Mohamed added.
\u201CWe need a figure in trillions, we need the $1.3 trillion figure as the headline of the text,\u201D Ayebare said. On the much-debated issue of the contributor base of the climate finance target, he added that Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement is clear: finance is to flow from developed to developing countries, and the NCQG should not reopen the Paris Agreement. But they might be open to looking at another layer in the decision, of voluntary contributions from some developing countries.
\u201CIt is not true that there is no money, there is a lot of money. We need to reorient the money from the wars to solving the climate crisis,\u201D Pacheco said, highlighting the importance of political will at this stage of the negotiations.
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With Trump back in power and geopolitical distractions, will developed countries step up to their historical obligations?","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Avantika Goswami","tags":[{"id":9594859,"name":"global south","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-south","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594889,"name":"climate denial","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-denial","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595228,"name":"global north","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-north","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595235,"name":"Climate finance","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-finance","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599973,"name":"donald trump","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"donald-trump","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9606810,"name":"new collective quantified goal (ncqg)","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"new-collective-quantified-goal-ncqg","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10314207,"name":"UN COP29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"un-cop29","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"\u201CTrump ate my climate finance homework\u201D: No more excuses for Global North in Baku","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"b986d408-f16f-45e5-a532-87d73b600116","slug":"climate-change/trump-ate-my-climate-finance-homework-no-more-excuses-for-global-north-in-baku","last-published-at":1731909460152,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"As we head into week 2 of the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, against all odds, wealthy countries must deliver an ambitious climate finance target to enable climate action in the developing world for the remaining part of the decade","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1731907641703,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"Global North must stop making excuses and deliver on climate finance at COP29.","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1366,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":335063,"file-name":"Gcgya-FXEAAqlR2.jpeg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1143,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1731909460152,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1731993316619,"summary":"As the COP29 summit unfolds in Baku, the Global North faces mounting pressure to fulfill its climate finance obligations. Despite numerous geopolitical distractions and the absence of key leaders, this summit is crucial for determining the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. Developing countries demand $1.3 trillion annually to address climate impacts and transition to greener economies. The Global North must stop making excuses and commit to substantial, non-debt creating climate finance to support this transition.","push-notification-title":"Global North Faces Pressure at COP29: No More Excuses!","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"b986d408-f16f-45e5-a532-87d73b600116","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-18/1mn0o3vk/Gcgya-FXEAAqlR2.jpeg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b986d408-f16f-45e5-a532-87d73b600116/element/2bafcdaa-acf7-4911-8969-6fce644af1ae","type":"text","family-id":"743040a8-634a-4436-a43e-513640b1e501","title":"","id":"2bafcdaa-acf7-4911-8969-6fce644af1ae","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u201CIs COP29 dead after the Trump win?\u201D a journalist asked me a few days ago, after news hit that former gameshow host Donald Trump had swept the polls to win a second, non-consecutive term as President of the United States. Aside from the fact that it was a leading question, it was puzzling to me because it followed a string of narratives about how this was a particularly inconsequential COP.
A few reasons cited for this
It is going to be hard to follow in the footsteps of the high-profile United Arab Emirates\u2019 PR machinery-fuelled COP28
Azerbaijan\u2019s credibility as a host, given that they are a fossil fuel producer country and one with a concerning human rights record
Few people of \u201Cconsequence\u201D are going and many world leaders are not attending
Too many geopolitical distractions: US elections and another Trump Presidency, the G20 Summit, multiple wars, the collapse of the German government and so on
It felt to me, going in, that we were treating this serious and important multilateral negotiation process like a Taylor Swift concert, tracking footfall and thereby prejudging its failure or success. I could feed conspiracy theories about how perhaps this COP may have been deliberately discredited by global narrative shapers because they wanted to shift attention from this moment when developed countries need to open up their wallets and pay up for their historical greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution.
However, another perspective is that there may be a real concern about the absence of major leaders \u2014 when they do not show up in force, it may mean that their finance ministries also do not have a strong mandate from home to commit some chunk of the trillions being demanded. In other words, the fact that many haven\u2019t shown up to this concert may be symbolic of a real unseriousness with which developed countries are treating this issue.
What was surprising to me was the juxtaposition of this narrative of a (prejudged) failed COP, with how long it\u2019s been known that this is the year that the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) will be determined. Surely it cannot come as a surprise to the Western hegemons and their allies that they needed to get their budgets in order to commit new and additional climate money by the end of 2024 to help their poorer neighbours cope with climate devastation?
In 2015, within the paragraphs of the Paris Agreement, it was decided that a NCQG would be decided before 2025, as a successor to the $100 billion target. Between 2022 and 2024, no fewer than 11 Technical Expert Dialogues, two High Level Ministerials and three negotiations under an ad hoc work programme were held to deliberate on what can go into the NCQG. Hundreds of hours of analysis and discussion, preparation, estimation of needs and sources of finance \u2014 none of this has been done in haste. In fact, climate experts and experienced observers have commented that this is the most important COP to take place since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015.
Why, then, do we find ourselves at the beginning of week two of a crucial two-week long summit, with no credible offers on the table and wide divergences on crucial issues of substance such as the structure of the new goal and the quality of finance? It seems to me that the Global North is blaming wide-ranging geopolitical struggles \u2014 many that are of their own doing \u2014 for not doing their homework on time and being ready to negotiate in good faith at this crucial moment that developing countries have been waiting for.
The unwillingness of developed countries to engage seriously on the stickiest issues reeks of hypocrisy and underhanded deception. Since November 11, when the G77 and China bloc opened COP29 with a powerful intervention, laying out their demands and uniting behind a figure of $1.3 trillion per year as their collective ask, we have seen little movement in the negotiations.
Here is what is clear:
The countries that have contributed the least to the climate crisis tend to suffer the most from its impacts.
The developing countries of the world require huge amounts of new and additional funding for climate action \u2014 that is, to transition their economies away from fossil fuels and also adapt to climate impacts. Their limited public budgets are stretched \u2014 they have to prioritise meeting various basic developmental goals, or paying off huge external debts, or both.
According to various analyses, an annual mobilisation of between $1-2 trillion \u2014 barely about 1 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP) \u2014 can meet developing countries\u2019 immediate climate requirements. This will help them meet their developmental priorities \u2014 building infrastructure, providing health and education services, improving energy access \u2014 while also switching to greener technologies.
Most importantly, the latter part mentioned above will help them to show more climate ambition in the coming years \u2014 that is, gradually take on higher emissions reduction targets for their economy, aim for higher penetration of green technologies in their energy mix, transportation and industrial production and improve the resilience of their infrastructure and people to withstand climate impacts.
The importance of the last bullet cannot be overemphasised. There have been increasing calls in the multilateral climate regime for developing countries to show more climate ambition, take on higher emission cuts. Yes, you heard that right; the rich world wants the poor world to promise to make the green switch harder and faster, in the backdrop of a climate crisis that the latter did not cause.
Barring the blatant injustice of this demand, this switch cannot happen without additional funding (and technology transfer and capacity building). You will hear these calls ramp up as new Nationally Determined Contributions are due in the coming months; you will hear talk of how coal is killing the planet (but silence on oil and gas), how we are all in this together (no, there are polluters and there are victims), how keeping 1.5 degrees Celsius within reach must be a global effort (no, polluters must lead the way).
None of that is remotely feasible without credible climate finance on the table to enable it. And there is enough money in the developed world to support this transition; it is simply misallocated to priorities that do not serve the planet.
Like a teenager blames their dog for allegedly eating their homework \u2014 an excuse that incredulous teachers around the world are well acquainted with \u2014 rich countries need to stop blaming Trump, Russia, inflation, immigrants, Obama, their friend at the playground, and whoever or whatever else and show up with a credible offer of non-debt creating, new and additional climate finance, in the trillions this week. In an atmosphere where trust is eroded in the multilateral process, the NCQG is one of the last opportunities for the Global North to course correct, show courage and pay its fair share.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b986d408-f16f-45e5-a532-87d73b600116/element/b5e532fd-4be7-44fa-b319-0a9bddb4b48d","type":"text","family-id":"fa40d1b2-4120-4360-aacf-addd1fdcf363","title":"","id":"b5e532fd-4be7-44fa-b319-0a9bddb4b48d","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r"}],"card-updated-at":1731993280709,"content-version-id":"6c6c16df-936f-4363-9302-dc8e4f73551b","card-added-at":1731907641705,"status":"draft","id":"82073fdf-dff1-4b20-a7bf-0c5408f47b09","content-id":"82073fdf-dff1-4b20-a7bf-0c5408f47b09","version":15,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"\u201CTrump ate my climate finance homework\u201D: No more excuses for Global North in Baku","message":"As the COP29 summit unfolds in Baku, the Global North faces mounting pressure to fulfill its climate finance obligations. Despite numerous geopolitical distractions and the absence of key leaders, this summit is crucial for determining the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. Developing countries demand $1.3 trillion annually to address climate impacts and transition to greener economies. The Global North must stop making excuses and commit to substantial, non-debt creating climate finance to support this transition.","image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-18/1mn0o3vk/Gcgya-FXEAAqlR2.jpeg","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1366,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":335063,"file-name":"Gcgya-FXEAAqlR2.jpeg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/trump-ate-my-climate-finance-homework-no-more-excuses-for-global-north-in-baku","story-version-id":"3437a328-c2a8-4adf-b965-adaade9ff6ea","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1731993316628,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1731909460152,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":21,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1731993280702,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"5ed9bfa0-4265-4220-8a65-d776a1c8b4a9","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["CSE-DTE at COP29: G77 and developing country allies reject first draft of climate finance text"]},"story":{"updated-at":1731401852001,"seo":{"meta-title":"G77 and Developing Countries Reject Climate Finance Draft at COP29","meta-description":"At COP29, the G77 and developing countries have rejected the first draft of the climate finance text, demanding a new framework that better represents their needs and priorities. Discover the key points of contention and what both developing and developed countries are advocating for.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Sehr Raheja","tags":[{"id":9594196,"name":"Developing Countries","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"developing-countries","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595843,"name":"Developed Countries","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"developed-countries","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9704324,"name":"G77 and China","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"g77-and-china","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"CSE-DTE at COP29: G77 and developing country allies reject first draft of climate finance text","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"5ed9bfa0-4265-4220-8a65-d776a1c8b4a9","slug":"climate-change/cse-dte-at-cop29-g77-and-developing-country-allies-reject-first-draft-of-climate-finance-text","last-published-at":1731400759276,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"First deliberations regarding the issue of New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance saw G77 and China bloc reject the substantive framework for the draft negotiating text\u00A0","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1731398673750,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1100,"height":609,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":257788,"file-name":"COP29-JPG.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":716,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1731400759276,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1731401855328,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"CSE-DTE at COP29: G77 and developing country allies reject first draft of climate finance text","id":"5ed9bfa0-4265-4220-8a65-d776a1c8b4a9","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-12/e5olvfrf/COP29-JPG.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5ed9bfa0-4265-4220-8a65-d776a1c8b4a9/element/11284000-0bfa-4312-b09c-524e19622773","type":"text","family-id":"8fffcbc6-a1d8-4be3-90ec-466076a07a46","title":"","id":"11284000-0bfa-4312-b09c-524e19622773","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Discussions on the headline issue of climate finance are off to a spirited start at the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The G77 and China group \u2014 the largest bloc representing over 130 developing countries at the UN climate conference \u2014 has rejected the framework for a negotiating text that countries have entered Baku with.
The substantive framework for a draft negotiating text prepared by co-chairs of the Ad Hoc Work Programme on NCQG was published in October this year. Released as an addendum to the Co-chair\u2019s summary report based on NCQG proceedings throughout the year, the framework was the first formal document that countries were to deliberate on. If this is accepted, they would negotiate on specific aspects of the text, and work to arrive at a consensus by the end of the conference. But the framework for the draft itself was rejected on November 12 by the G77 and China and echoed by other developing country groups.
In the run up to COP29, rumours emerged that Parties had not responded positively to the draft text and were not ready to treat it as a legitimate foundation on which to begin negotiations.
The framework document provides a summary of proceedings and is supposed to be a representation of the suggestions put forward by different countries. The G77\u2019s disapproval is based on their positions being inadequately represented. This has been echoed today by various developing country groups, including the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs), Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC), Alliance of Small Island Developing States (AOSIS) and Group SUR (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina).
The G77 in their opening statements have detailed several asks:
\u00B7 They have requested a new text be prepared by Co-chairs before the next session for the negotiations.
\u00B7 They demand an amount of at least $1.3 trillion per year from developed countries for all developing countries. They stated that the new goal must be informed by the evolving needs and priorities of the developing countries.
\u00B7 Negotiations must be in line with Articles 9.1 and 9.3 of the Paris Agreement and Article 4 of the Convention; any negotiating text must specify that the mandate is for the new goal to be the \u201Cprovision\u201D goal from developed to developing countries, in line with obligations in the landmark climate treaties. The NCQG must not be an investment goal.
\u00B7 The NCQG must specify what does not count as climate finance, from an accounting perspective; non-concessional loans and export credits cannot be considered climate finance.
\u00B7 The new goal must acknowledge the dis-enablers of accessing finance for developing countries that are part of the international financial architecture by design.
\u00B7 Additionally, developed countries must provide arrears for the US $100 billion commitment.
\u00B7 Resources provided under the new goal must be predictable, new and additional, adequate, grant-based and concessional, and must not create fiscal constraints or indebtedness.
Developed countries made interventions listing out their own perspectives on the NCQG, for which they are on the hook to be the primary donors of finance.
The United Kingdom expressed that the quality of finance, debt, and conditions for accessing finance are areas on which they can advance discussions, and that finance must come from a wide variety of sources.
Switzerland on behalf of the Environmental Integrity Group stated that the text is imperfect but should not be restarted from scratch. Norway stated that there is a need to steer investment to developing countries, and there is a need to look at more options for the contributor base.
The European Union stated that the quantum for public finance is dependent on many factors such as the sources, contributor base, and timeframe of the finance goal. They also called for more targeted language for SIDS and LDCs.
The US expressed disappointment with the document, calling it \u2018unbalanced\u2019. They added that it is essential that the goal helps to scale up investments needed to combat the climate crisis and needs to be a multilayered global investment goal for all countries. They also added that new contributors need to step up, especially those already providing large amounts of climate finance bilaterally.
Deliberations will continue, but to what extent a new iteration of the framework, if any, will reflect the first round of discussions remains to be seen.
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Discover the highlights of the opening day, including climate change measures, carbon credit standards, and new NDC targets.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940154,"author-name":"Rohini Krishnamurthy","tags":[{"id":9595329,"name":"UNFCCC","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"unfccc","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9707372,"name":"Azerbaijan","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"azerbaijan","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715485,"name":"cop29","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop29","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":10255056,"name":"Baku","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"baku","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"COP29 Diary (November 11): Parties adopt agenda for global event after disagreement over items","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"f869ba45-16ec-4cc9-b05d-fd7b0930f471","slug":"climate-change/cop29-diary-november-11-parties-adopt-agenda-for-global-event-after-disagreement-over-items","last-published-at":1731395935946,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"Item on climate change-related, trade-restrictive unilateral measures did not make it to agenda due to request from BASIC countries","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":3,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1731394938334,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Rajat Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1100,"height":618,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":189191,"file-name":"John-Podesta-JPG.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":641,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1731395935946,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1732282972021,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"COP29 Diary (November 11): Parties adopt agenda for global event after disagreement over items","id":"f869ba45-16ec-4cc9-b05d-fd7b0930f471","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-12/acfun26c/John-Podesta-JPG.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f869ba45-16ec-4cc9-b05d-fd7b0930f471/element/be711e07-8b2e-471b-a598-28141cfbe812","type":"text","family-id":"5014dad2-c34a-4ac5-b65e-c1712f28bec3","title":"","id":"be711e07-8b2e-471b-a598-28141cfbe812","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Baku, Azerbaijan, began November 11, 2024. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the opening day of the global climate event. Also read the diary for November 12, November 13, November 14, November 15, November 16, November 18, November 19, November 20 and November 21.
After hours of delay, Parties adopted the agenda for COP29 after disagreement over some items listed in the provisional agenda. The COP presidential consultations centred on climate change-related, trade-restrictive unilateral measures, with the outcome expected to be declared at the closing ceremony. This item, however, did not make it into the agenda after China made a request on behalf of the BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) bloc of countries for it to be included on the agenda on November 6, 2024. The trade-restrictive unilateral measures are a reference to carbon border taxes such as the European Union\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.
Also on the agenda is the United Arab Emirates (UAE) dialogue on implementing the global stocktake (GST) outcomes, which will be discussed under Matters related to Finance with a footnote that its placement in the agenda \u201Cdoes not prejudge its scope\u201D.
On Day 1, the COP29 President announced that Parties have reached a consensus on standards for carbon credits under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, also known as the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism. Carbon credits represent 1 tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent GHGs (CO2e) avoided and are issued against activities that either avoid greenhouse gas emissions (such as by using an efficient cook stove or lighting system) or removing GHGs from the atmosphere (for instance, by planting trees).
This comes a few hours after the Presidency proposed a draft decision on Article 6.4 endorsing the adoption for methodologies (calculating emission reductions) and carbon removal (to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere), which was adopted by the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body \u2014 a technical body tasked with overseeing Article 6.4 \u2014 last month. The Body requested the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA), a governing body, to endorse these standards and provide any additional guidance. Last year at COP28 in Dubai, the parties did not reach a consensus as they felt the guidelines were inadequate.
This signals a key development in the operationalisation of Article 6.4-based carbon market.
In a press conference, the US Senior Advisor to the President for International Climate Policy John Podesta said the US election outcome was disappointing. He added that it is clear the next administration may take a U-turn and reverse many of these developments. But support for clean energy has become bipartisan in US, he noted. Podesta also expressed his support for expanding donor base to include more countries \u201Cto make sure developing countries have financing they need for mitigation and adaptation\u201D. He also noted that it was important to improve access to finance for vulnerable countries.
Azerbaijan COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev indicated that future COP Presidency rotations would go to \u201CWestern Europe and other States\u201D for COP31 and \u201CAfrican States\u201D for COP32.
A quick analysis of the COP29 provisional list of registered participants by CSE shows that the largest Party delegations are registered by Azerbaijan (995), Brazil (984), and Russia (900). There are 66,000 delegates registered for onsite participation, 33,000 Party and Party overflow, 13,000 Observers, 3,500 Media and 14,500 Others.
New NDCs have been announced by two members of the current \u2018COP Troika'of UAE, Azerbaijan, and Brazil. Brazil announced a target to cut emissions by 59-67 per cent from 2005 levels by 2035, on the way to net zero by 2050. The UAE said it will be cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 47 per cent from 2019 levels by 2035, up from the previous 40 per cent target for 2030.
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A proposal by the BASIC group of countries (Brazil, China, India, and South Africa) has requested the COP29 Presidency and the UN Climate Change Secretariat to add the following item to the climate conference agenda: \u201CConcerns with climate-change related unilateral restrictive trade measures, and identifying the ways to promote international cooperation in line with the First GST Outcome\u201D.
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"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"4545b3a9-3c90-4832-829c-fdcf9bd7bb73","card-added-at":1730791509607,"status":"draft","id":"4d08b66f-c0e5-4223-91dd-ab0642d2424d","content-id":"4d08b66f-c0e5-4223-91dd-ab0642d2424d","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/f0d6ba27-269a-4afd-85b8-1a52485d09bc","type":"text","family-id":"34afbb27-4989-4edc-819f-77bacad7672f","title":"","id":"f0d6ba27-269a-4afd-85b8-1a52485d09bc","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"As researchers and civil society representatives from the Global South, we support this proposal. The concerns of developing countries regarding these policies must be heard and addressed to foster true cooperation towards the Paris Agreement\u2019s goals and its pursuit of the UNFCCC.
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"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"1df110a0-d458-4deb-84f7-0feaedc1e2fa","card-added-at":1730791509607,"status":"draft","id":"38108edd-df91-48dc-98db-ccf918afc145","content-id":"38108edd-df91-48dc-98db-ccf918afc145","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/007c918b-4b60-4dae-bfff-8f73d38e8ac3","type":"text","family-id":"9f90c0ba-cf67-46fc-90e2-929279779328","title":"","id":"007c918b-4b60-4dae-bfff-8f73d38e8ac3","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Taking India as an example, we found that the indicative tax burden on imposing a 100 Euros per tonne carbon price (around $108 or Rs 9,152 per tonne), would be 25 per cent on average per year. This is over and above the value of CBAM-covered goods exported to the EU \u2014 comparable to 0.05 per cent of India\u2019s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022-23.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730798000480,"content-version-id":"637d9da1-e007-4ac9-abbe-69742ed3fa80","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"6ee1228d-9de1-4ecd-b9f3-e47f5bf99704","content-id":"6ee1228d-9de1-4ecd-b9f3-e47f5bf99704","version":29,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/44a4b774-7509-421f-9095-4db60dd75b8e","type":"text","family-id":"9ac96aa9-ac5d-482a-8dd6-1be7512484b7","title":"","id":"44a4b774-7509-421f-9095-4db60dd75b8e","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"In Africa, a partial coverage scenario combined with the EU\u2019s phasing out of free allowances in the Emissions Trading System may cause a 0.33 per cent GDP decline, amounting to $25 billion per year, we found in a separate analysis.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/b8c36d61-3690-49eb-8486-2d87bf674997","type":"text","family-id":"f34609ce-750d-49be-a7ed-bbac727796fb","title":"","id":"b8c36d61-3690-49eb-8486-2d87bf674997","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"And this is when climate finance geared towards helping developing countries decarbonise has been woefully inadequate.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730798000480,"content-version-id":"8e2280cd-5d81-4441-a99a-97340bcf588e","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"2976ae6a-0e91-4e9f-8304-65a9dc41a330","content-id":"2976ae6a-0e91-4e9f-8304-65a9dc41a330","version":28,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/4122c2ad-635e-4d74-be73-7cfcbe1cd656","type":"text","family-id":"711292b0-dc96-48dc-9a86-efbd95d5d984","title":"","id":"4122c2ad-635e-4d74-be73-7cfcbe1cd656","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Tools like the CBAM appear to further the cause of climate protection but exhibit the telltale signs of trade protectionism and economic nationalism. Many of these policies have been driven by developed nations in response to the perceived threats of deindustrialisation and carbon leakage.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730798000480,"content-version-id":"67cfe647-14fd-4661-90c1-bea97cdadc7c","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"78ee42bc-dd14-4cf4-b95c-25024a3058ff","content-id":"78ee42bc-dd14-4cf4-b95c-25024a3058ff","version":26,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/035e7e91-9885-4504-8af7-a80052849698","type":"text","family-id":"fdf1d926-8d73-4ba0-8b59-64d122d6ce49","title":"","id":"035e7e91-9885-4504-8af7-a80052849698","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Developing countries must decarbonise to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change and avoid being locked out of a global economy shifting towards greener goods and technologies \u2014 but they require the resources to do so \u2014 financing, technology and more.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"e26a4f6d-4923-4501-91eb-ad7dc37565ff","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"a3dbaf62-3d04-461e-9e37-98f1e130e16f","content-id":"a3dbaf62-3d04-461e-9e37-98f1e130e16f","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/0d1b9292-0d7c-49a8-bb9e-9400f1ffddf0","type":"text","family-id":"b4bd2dcb-7681-4cc8-82dd-65566fee71b0","title":"","id":"0d1b9292-0d7c-49a8-bb9e-9400f1ffddf0","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Greenhouse gas emissions cannot be delinked from issues of historical responsibility and climate justice and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) and the UNFCCC acknowledges this. However, the current multilateral trade system fails to recognise CBDR and if climate concerns are to inform trade practices, this must change.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"334b14f6-bbac-4ed3-9564-3008553ff6d0","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"d75dfc9f-7a04-4def-b9c9-2fc5d0f42567","content-id":"d75dfc9f-7a04-4def-b9c9-2fc5d0f42567","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/b4371f49-059d-4eac-82db-87d8774a72ae","type":"text","family-id":"2f2dcfc5-e63b-4d04-a27a-9d0829db843b","title":"","id":"b4371f49-059d-4eac-82db-87d8774a72ae","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"For the past year, developing countries have been highlighting these issues at various forums. At COP28 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, countries such as the African Group, China, Iran, Brazil, Egypt and the BASIC group underlined the harm these unilateral measures inflict on their economies, hindering poverty eradication and progress towards the Paris Agreement.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"18666495-6004-46f8-a3cb-c8e7ed24ee4c","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"c3c2e595-cf8e-4665-b22f-ef775c83b6b9","content-id":"c3c2e595-cf8e-4665-b22f-ef775c83b6b9","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/1cedb43c-1487-4c2a-aa41-3af448bfd39c","type":"text","family-id":"4998b4ea-c622-41f6-aac1-6f22ba5f5d7d","title":"","id":"1cedb43c-1487-4c2a-aa41-3af448bfd39c","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The October 2024 BRICS declaration condemned \u201Cunilateral measures introduced under the pretext of climate and environmental concerns\u201D and reaffirmed BRICS countries\u2019 commitment to coordinate on these matters.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"31c5ca3b-9145-484c-839e-0bd12aa412f8","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"c24948a0-5dd1-4965-936b-c9131c5b3ae7","content-id":"c24948a0-5dd1-4965-936b-c9131c5b3ae7","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/1f67f5ae-c49c-4786-9bce-03e8742f254e","type":"text","family-id":"10396a2c-dee3-4809-a08c-2faaec6c05ff","title":"","id":"1f67f5ae-c49c-4786-9bce-03e8742f254e","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Unilateral measures like the CBAM operate outside the multilateral frameworks negotiated under the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. Despite efforts to address the impact of these measures on developing countries in line with CBDR \u2014 the core of the Paris Agreement \u2014 serious discussions have yet to occur.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"7b8a41a8-3669-48d5-9ef2-19217ec9d12c","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"cf3873a3-ade1-4857-9a87-034f100f39c0","content-id":"cf3873a3-ade1-4857-9a87-034f100f39c0","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/90ccf6e5-035b-41b0-a6df-132f0ac24b81","type":"text","family-id":"8d2ebb83-a0b8-4fce-bb4f-0e9b4997aae4","title":"","id":"90ccf6e5-035b-41b0-a6df-132f0ac24b81","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"There is substantial legal support for the BASIC group\u2019s request to open discussions on implementing these response measures. A COP presidency committed to engaging with the concerns of developing as well as developed countries should include this conversation on the agenda for the upcoming climate summit.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"d91d4f3e-221e-4ec6-9524-bdcd92089df3","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"5afa5aec-a90a-4319-b5c1-9820b44f7e00","content-id":"5afa5aec-a90a-4319-b5c1-9820b44f7e00","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/628fc9dc-8c1a-4ee1-ab71-7f5a1d896aea","type":"text","family-id":"900fa470-9449-4996-b459-c0515601f551","title":"","id":"628fc9dc-8c1a-4ee1-ab71-7f5a1d896aea","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"It is clear that developed countries are unlikely to back down in their pursuit of domestic interests within the evolving global green economy without provisions to cushion the impact on developing nations, as illustrated by the recent announcement of the United Kingdom\u2019s CBAM, set to begin in 2027.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"6dfeb8d6-36a5-478e-949b-82178129fd19","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"f1a02c4b-cd8a-445f-bc30-3065222129d5","content-id":"f1a02c4b-cd8a-445f-bc30-3065222129d5","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/c64491d7-0a74-47ac-aeb9-7ff2e6d8c030","type":"text","family-id":"89850964-185c-4b63-83c0-842cb09ccd3c","title":"","id":"c64491d7-0a74-47ac-aeb9-7ff2e6d8c030","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Facilitating a shift towards a more globally just trade regime is crucial. It would stabilise international trade and foster cooperation on decarbonisation without marginalising developing countries.
"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"1ce17121-4128-4d10-814d-5d70ec5b2a9d","card-added-at":1730791603710,"status":"draft","id":"1822e5c4-9c44-47c7-8527-bad0a764eb6b","content-id":"1822e5c4-9c44-47c7-8527-bad0a764eb6b","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/4cdff0dc-45e1-419a-9614-3dd112e698cd","type":"text","family-id":"6329f5ad-17f1-4340-8ae3-941857b3794a","title":"","id":"4cdff0dc-45e1-419a-9614-3dd112e698cd","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"It is therefore important to develop a just transition agenda in trade that minimises the impact of new policies on developing countries, ensuring that the developmental progress in the Global South is not hindered. COP29 must take a proactive stance on this.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/15615eb5-f804-42b4-91ae-2c113f6216c5/element/5eac0549-d4df-40ec-b407-2e4613ff6b7e","type":"text","family-id":"b9386cb9-7743-43ba-bd17-4160153a3d66","title":"","id":"5eac0549-d4df-40ec-b407-2e4613ff6b7e","metadata":{"cta-title":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r","cta-url":"https://hindi.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","open-in-new-tab":true},"subtype":"cta","text":"Read all the news related to climate change in Hindi\r"}],"card-updated-at":1730791743738,"content-version-id":"e773d3b5-67af-41a2-a1d5-7b86a933e7e4","card-added-at":1730791643409,"status":"draft","id":"1dc2961a-2431-40b1-b651-d1ebb31fa21b","content-id":"1dc2961a-2431-40b1-b651-d1ebb31fa21b","version":5,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":true,"title":"Unilateral trade measures will delay climate transition \u2014 COP29 must address this","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/vx0lvg05/Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif","url":null,"attribution":"@COP29_AZ / X (formerly Twitter)","alt-text":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","metadata":{"width":2048,"height":1538,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":329367,"file-name":"Mukhtar-Babayev.jfif"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/unilateral-trade-measures-will-delay-climate-transition-cop29-must-address-this","story-version-id":"3e9531b0-a8ab-4070-9fcf-efd1320de81f","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1730801362678,"author-id":1940431,"owner-id":1955123,"linked-story-ids":["5c3f279e-3b45-4806-9735-e719f936e998"],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1730801362571,"hero-image-caption":"Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 President-Designate, speaking at a World Economic Forum meeting in October 2024.","version":36,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1730798000472,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"faten-aggad","social":{},"name":"Faten Aggad","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2024-11-05/6hw41pu0/Faten_Aggad.jfif","bio":"Executive Director, African Future Policies Hub (AFPH)","id":2116464,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-11-05/6hw41pu0/Faten_Aggad.jfif","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":true}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Nandita Banerji"}},{"id":"87d103d3-3903-4394-a884-852b99d3af22","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Trade on emissions"]},"story":{"updated-at":1726478848651,"seo":{"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1916770,"author-name":"Trishant Dev","tags":[{"id":9594196,"name":"Developing Countries","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"developing-countries","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595843,"name":"Developed Countries","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"developed-countries","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599566,"name":"European Union","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"european-union","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Trade on emissions","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"87d103d3-3903-4394-a884-852b99d3af22","slug":"climate-change/trade-on-emissions","last-published-at":1726478576865,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"EU\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) would hurt developing countries\u2019 export earnings, while enabling developed nations to overlook their climate responsibilities","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":2,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1726472414019,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Saroj","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1060,"height":600,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":97939,"file-name":"20.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":280,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1726478576865,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1726478851973,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Illustrations: Yogendra Anand","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"87d103d3-3903-4394-a884-852b99d3af22","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-09-16/dwlg3owc/20.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/87d103d3-3903-4394-a884-852b99d3af22/element/23a5da06-ceef-4347-89de-66d45d996ce5","type":"text","family-id":"688ab06f-c5c6-4317-9f3c-5d133c218657","title":"","id":"23a5da06-ceef-4347-89de-66d45d996ce5","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The global race to build a low-carbon economy is gaining momentum. But this much-needed push to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has raised concerns about economic rivalry and trade protectionism. Under the guise of climate action, developed countries are trying to protect their domestic manufacturers from global competition while shifting their environmental responsibilities on others.
The European Union\u2019s (EU\u2019s) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a clear example of this. The initiative aims to impose a carbon tariff on imports of energy-intensive products, based on the GHG emissions generated during their production.
India, in its Economic Survey report released in July 2024, ahead of the Union Budget 2024-25, argues that CBAM and similar proposed measures from the US and the UK violate the Paris Agreement\u2019s principle of \u201CCommon but Differentiated Responsibilities\u201D, as developed countries shift the burden of climate finance from the Global North to the Global South through carbon taxes.
India\u2019s concerns are echoed by other developing nations. In June, South Africa condemned CBAM during the Ministerial Declaration for the High-Level Political Forum for Sustainable Development 2024, calling it an \u201Cextraterritorial, unilateral, coercive, and trade-distorting measure disguised as climate protection.\u201D In 2023, at the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Dubai, countries like Brazil, Egypt and China, along with blocs such as the 54-member Group of African States, and the newly industrialised group of countries, comprising Brazil, South Africa, India and China (BASIC), voiced fears that these measures could harm their economies and undermine poverty eradication efforts. The impact could be particularly severe over the short to medium term, affecting the competitiveness of developing countries\u2019 export-oriented industries.
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Discover insights from global leaders and experts on the impact of China's manufacturing dominance on the world's economy and the environment.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1955123,"author-name":"Trishant Dev","tags":[{"id":9594165,"name":"World","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"world","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"China\u2019s industrial \u2018overcapacity\u2019: Is it aiding the green transition or creating a global glut?","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"b472ebb3-539f-45fb-86ae-7b6899887500","slug":"climate-change/chinas-industrial-overcapacity-is-it-aiding-the-green-transition-or-creating-a-global-glut","last-published-at":1720608831389,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"With overproduction in key sectors, China is reshaping the world\u2019s economic landscape","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/energy","id":72897,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Energy","collection":{"slug":"energy","name":"Energy","id":176094},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/renewable-energy","id":72908,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Renewable Energy","collection":{"slug":"renewable-energy","name":"Renewable Energy","id":176105},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":8,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1720607591669,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Nandita Banerji","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":"Is China's manufacturing overcapacity aiding green transition or flooding global markets?","publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":2120,"height":1414,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":2281150,"file-name":"iStock-875297876.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":1877,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1720608831389,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1720782561498,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":"Is China's Industrial Overcapacity Helping or Hurting Global Markets?","external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"iStock, for representation","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":"solar panel with cityscape in background","id":"b472ebb3-539f-45fb-86ae-7b6899887500","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-07/1ba137fe-b48b-43d5-8df5-15b43e3ef989/iStock-875297876.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/b472ebb3-539f-45fb-86ae-7b6899887500/element/5771efc6-4c0a-49d1-91d9-33fb2e9893d0","type":"text","family-id":"bba69a9a-a401-40e5-a36d-9d3f7e9f132c","title":"","id":"5771efc6-4c0a-49d1-91d9-33fb2e9893d0","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"China\u2019s ascent as a manufacturing powerhouse has put the country in the driver\u2019s seat of global supply chains, allowing it to corner the market on goods that are more sought-after than ever before. Competing nations are alarmed by China\u2019s tactics in achieving this. Most recently, the issue of industrial overcapacity in manufacturing has taken the spotlight in political discussions at the highest levels.
During a press conference in Stresa, Italy, prior to a meeting of the Group of Seven (G7) finance ministers and central bank governors, the United States Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen stated, \u201COvercapacity threatens the viability of firms around the world, including in emerging markets.\u201D The issue also poses a challenge to China\u2019s own economic growth, she noted.
Similarly, European Commission President Ursula Von Der Leyen, commenting on electric vehicles (EV) last year before the European Union-China Summit, said, \u201CThere is a clear overcapacity in China, and this overcapacity will be exported for sure.\u201D
Overcapacity is a situation where the industry\u2019s capacity to produce exceeds the demand for its products, resulting in underutilised production capacity. Overcapacity can be a normal part of the market cycle \u2014 a temporary mismatch between production capacity and product demand.
The problem lies in \u201Cstructural overcapacity,\u201D which is independent of market forces and signifies a long-term, persistent mismatch between product demand and production capacity.
Structural overcapacity may result from government policies and subsidies that encourage overinvestment in specific industries, reducing the pressure on them to perform efficiently. Technological advancements can also help by resulting in more efficient production processes, allowing businesses to produce more goods at a lower cost. If these factors coincide with declining demand, it could result in overcapacity.
China\u2019s industrial overcapacity problem is not new and has been highlighted previously. Sectors from iron and steel, cement, aluminum and even housing have all reported excess capacity or oversupply in the recent past. Presently, the discussion centres on alleged overcapacity in automobile industry and clean technology manufacturing, including solar panels and EV batteries.
So, what is wrong with overcapacity? Among other things, in the search for markets, industries with an excess of supply tend to lower product prices, which reduces profitability for the entire sector and leads to job losses.
This scenario occurred in the steel sector a few years ago. In a global market, this phenomenon causes production capacities to be uprooted in other regions due to the influx of cheap goods from overcapacity regions.
The New York-based research provider Rhodium Group, in a recent report, flagged the falling capacity utilisation rates in solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing \u2014 capacity utilisation rates for silicon wafers dropped from 78 per cent in 2019 to 57 per cent in 2022, the report stated.
Average capacity utilisation of battery plants in China fell from 51 per cent in 2022 to 43 per cent in 2023, according to Business and market news website Bloomberg.
While the overcapacity issue in solar PV manufacturing and batteries is mostly agreed upon, the narrative for the automobile sector has been claimed to be \u2019exaggerated and oversimplified\u2019 by analysts and contested by China.
Bloomberg analysed data on Chinese overcapacity across various sectors. According to their findings, China\u2019s planned solar equipment production capacity for 2024-2027 will exceed global demand by more than double, even under optimistic demand forecasts. Major Chinese EV exporters, on the other hand, have capacity utilisation rates of more than 80 per cent implying little overcapacity.
Lower capacity utilisation rates have been observed more frequently in internal combustion engine vehicle manufacturing, possibly due to outdated production processes. The notion of cheap Chinese EVs flooding global markets also defies current pricing trends. China\u2019s top automaker, BYD, has been selling EVs in foreign markets at significantly higher prices, often two to three times higher than domestic prices.
Yet the drumbeat grows louder over China\u2019s industrial surplus, and dominant powers are rushing to respond, wary of being edged out. Western countries continue to highlight the risks associated with China\u2019s overcapacity.
A vocal concern from the West has been around job losses stemming from Chinese excess capacity. With the energy transition already set to disrupt traditional fossil-based industries and lead to significant shifts in employment, the additional pressure from Chinese oversupply creates fears of further job losses in other countries.
In the US, job losses due to Chinese trade practices are a political issue and have been a feature of both leading presidential candidates\u2019 speeches.
Previously, the Donald Trump administration in the US imposed tariffs on steel and aluminium imports in 2018 to counter the \u2018overcapacity\u2019 created by China in these sectors, which were then found to violate World Trade Organization trade rules. In response, the US Trade Representative stated, \u201Cthe WTO has proven ineffective at stopping severe and persistent non-market excess capacity from the PRC and others that pose an existential threat to market-oriented steel and aluminium sectors and a threat to US national security.\u201D
Recently, the US announced that it would further raise tariffs on imports from China, from 0-7.5 per cent to 25 per cent in 2024 on certain steel and aluminum products, from 25 per cent to 50 per cent by 2025 for semiconductors, and from 25 per cent to 100 per cent in 2024 for EVs.
Similarly, the European Union has also raised tariffs on imported EVs from China, which now range between 17.4 per cent and 37.6 per cent, in addition to the existing 10 per cent duty on all EV imports from China. In addition, the Indian government has announced a 40 per cent basic customs duty (BCD) on imported solar modules, of which 63 per cent are from China, and a 25 per cent BCD on imported solar cells, of which 53 per cent are from China, beginning April 2022.
In a recent article, JW Mason, an associate professor of economics at John Jay College, City University of New York, pointed out that China is adopting the same policies that countries like the US used in their earlier stages of development, such as \u201Cprotection for infant industries, public investment in infrastructure, adoption of foreign technology, cheap but strategically directed credit\u201D.
Many of these interventions can be clubbed under the broad category of industrial policy, that is, government policy intervention in strategic or infant industrial sectors. This could be done by injecting funds to create new production capacities, offering subsidies, production-linked incentives or setting industrial targets. The US has now forged a return to industrial policy through its bottomless tax credits offered through the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in an effort to scale up green manufacturing.
The duplicity is evident here: \u201CThere is something odd and unseemly about describing the same policies as devious manipulation when China uses them,\u201D writes Mason.
In May 2024, US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen commented that \u201Cover time, investments will help lower the costs of clean energy technologies globally,\u201D speaking about the IRA.
The question to ask here is, hasn\u2019t China already done this for the world?
Consider solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. The International Energy Agency\u2019s analysis said that Chinese industrial policy contributed to an 80 per cent decline in module prices between 2011 and 2021. According to the agency, this significant cost reduction made solar PV the most affordable energy generation technology in many parts of the world.
The aggressive Chinese expansion also partly encouraged competitive domestic policies in other countries such as the Inflation Reduction Act in the US and the Production Linked Incentive scheme in India.
Take another example of EV batteries. Carmakers often draw attention to the need for the cost of batteries to come down for EVs to become affordable. Chinese overcapacity in battery production could, in this sense, benefit carmakers elsewhere by providing cheaper batteries.
EV battery prices in China dropped by 50 per cent in 2023 due to lower demand and increased capacity. China\u2019s CATL, the world\u2019s largest EV battery manufacturer, plans to further reduce prices by 50 per cent in 2024.
Lauri Myllyvirta, a co-founder and lead analyst of the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, points out that the decline in prices for solar equipment or EV batteries is also due to genuine technological advances and more efficient production, rather than just the increase in production capacities.
This is acknowledged even in the US, where, despite new tariffs imposed by the government, firms have acquired Chinese technology and collaborated with Chinese manufacturing giants such as CATL to produce batteries.
Impact on green transition
The above conditions thus offer a clear benefit for the green transition, given the need to move away from fossil fuels both in electricity generation and transportation as quickly as we can. In this sense, concerns about overcapacity should be weighed against the urgent need to increase global supplies of cheaper environmental goods.
\u201CA glut in renewables and green products is precisely what the climate doctor ordered\u201D, wrote Harvard economist Dani Rodrik.
It is clear that China\u2019s industrial prowess has reduced costs and promoted the adoption of green technologies. Where its excess supply presents a challenge is in terms of broader impacts on global supply chains, fairness in trade and opportunities and risks to employment.
Particularly for developing countries, it poses a dilemma: Do we depend solely on one country for an abundant supply of cheap, green goods, or focus on indigenisation of production of the same to capture the economic benefits and promote self-sufficiency in the long run?
A focus on the latter can most likely be achieved through some combination of protectionist measures. Here, wealthy nations have the advantage \u2014 they can use tariffs or subsidies to counteract Chinese industry and trade practices.
Developing countries, however, cannot always afford to do so, as they lack the fiscal space to offer bottomless subsidies, and their domestic industries lack readiness to scale up clean technology manufacturing competitively to meet the growing needs of the energy transition.
There is also the issue of supply chain overconcentration and the resultant national security concerns if China were to weaponize its status as the world\u2019s supplier of green goods. China\u2019s share of the world\u2019s solar equipment manufacturing capacity for example, is well over 75 per cent. The IEA predicts a significant excess global solar PV supply by 2027 due to Chinese overcapacity.
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Excess manufacturing in China also drives significant demand for natural resources, which are sourced globally to sustain production levels. For Africa, this entails exporting large quantities of crude oil, refined copper, iron, and aluminium ores to China, while importing manufactured goods. This dynamiccontinues to widen the trade deficit between the two regions, now at $64 billion, which is 59 per cent of Africa\u2019s exports to China by value.
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The world cannot afford this due to the urgency of the heightening climate crisis and the imperative for global decarbonisation.
Yet the dominance of one country as the sole supplier of the goods needed for decarbonisation is creating a new relationship of dependence that no one wants. This is the dilemma the world must contend with today.
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Ghai","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1407,"height":671,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":431236,"file-name":"NDA.jpg"},"comments":null,"word-count":216,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null}},"entities":{},"published-at":1718022209360,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1720352783493,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":"Photo shared by @narendramodi / X","bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667","hero-image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-06/a026d753-7dfc-46f5-9539-27de0063c06a/NDA.jpg","contributors":[],"cards":[{"card-type":"introduction","story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667/element/9bb5030d-7bc1-465f-a40c-2521d7309240","type":"text","family-id":"92d8a776-5494-472b-97d5-63f087370ac2","title":"","id":"9bb5030d-7bc1-465f-a40c-2521d7309240","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667/element/3db91d01-0528-4bb4-a504-894ee77de3f4","type":"image","family-id":"500e49c4-5651-463a-aa43-7cf15db4f2d7","image-attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","title":"","id":"3db91d01-0528-4bb4-a504-894ee77de3f4","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-06/5adfb4d6-a98f-4bbb-b792-7141ceec572f/0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667/element/d2e7f1f5-9e49-42dd-a4fb-637e87ef7a1f","type":"text","family-id":"12621624-f412-4868-b197-d6a1e5bad979","title":"","id":"d2e7f1f5-9e49-42dd-a4fb-637e87ef7a1f","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Economic growth must take into account needs of energy transition, climate mitigation, with action aligned as per India\u2019s 2030 climate goals
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New Government\u2019s Agenda: It\u2019s now or never
"},{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":500,"height":433,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":32080,"file-name":"0.59176800_1717752178_p12illu-india-renewable-energy-surge-.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667/element/42f33fcc-5b1e-4f30-adef-699dbe1137e4","type":"image","family-id":"86b2ed34-539d-4969-9f82-afc85dad61ff","image-attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","title":"","id":"42f33fcc-5b1e-4f30-adef-699dbe1137e4","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-06/dbd24539-4649-4a38-8b33-5a26984924d5/0.59176800_1717752178_p12illu-india-renewable-energy-surge-.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/43a6a008-0593-4702-a6f4-487f3dbec667/element/b79a2b57-25a9-4581-9335-22e60b5ff907","type":"text","family-id":"7d280ea9-93be-4cf7-8b7a-6e3160c23a25","title":"","id":"b79a2b57-25a9-4581-9335-22e60b5ff907","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Clean energy sectors need demand-driven markets and domestic industries that can cater to the entire value chain
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Reinvent National Clean Air Programme to focus on fine particulate matter and trans-boundary pollution
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Hold polluting industries accountable for public health risks, environmental hazards, climate change; provide them support for green transition
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India needs continued emphasis on flagship programmes, aligned to long-term planning that focusses on water security and circular economy in a climate-risked era
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As urban India turns into a heat trap, the government must focus on improving cities\u2019 liveability
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Disincentivise garbage dumping, invest in behavioural change
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Disregard for biodiversity conservation over the past two decades needs immediate redressal
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Clean, affordable, integrated and accessible public transport the only solution
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Chemical-dependent farming, lax labelling laws, rising anti-microbial resistance must top the agenda
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Make agriculture profitable again to revive rural economy
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The 2024 general elections in India came at a time when the country faced bouts of climate-linked adversities and challenges. Small wonder that climate change has entered the election manifestos of almost all the contesting political parties. The Bharatiya Janata Party has acknowledged the current shift in energy sources by declaring that it would continue to raise the share of renewable energy in the country\u2019s electricity mix. The Indian National Congress has pledged to set up a \u201Cgreen new deal investment programme\u201D to promote the renewable energy sector and create green jobs, and an \u201Cenvironment protection and climate change authority\u201D to enforce national and state climate action plans. Policymakers are also coming to terms with the fact that India\u2019s development must be in line with the reality of climate change.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"200a5aa3-adb0-4a72-a4c0-fc7de4ae0922","card-added-at":1717988817046,"status":"draft","id":"343b7884-3c06-4c2e-82b5-43b093b98500","content-id":"343b7884-3c06-4c2e-82b5-43b093b98500","version":23,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/94de0c61-97e7-47f5-acf9-c6ccd669e174","type":"text","family-id":"04aceb1f-81f0-4581-acb4-f75015399dd9","title":"","id":"94de0c61-97e7-47f5-acf9-c6ccd669e174","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The fact is that extreme and changing weather patterns, rising sea levels and soaring temperatures can undo a lot of development progress and economic growth achieved over the past decades; they can pose a serious threat to food security, spur a surge in disease outbreaks, fuel migration and even trigger conflicts. Thus, the new government has an arduous task of ensuring economic growth while tackling the effects of climate change. One way to achieve this is by ensuring transition to clean energy.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"cf21272f-0f55-416a-834c-e45c5c5bc7a6","card-added-at":1717989228522,"status":"draft","id":"c0641a2d-2037-4bf1-8ad7-75ef45d3c540","content-id":"c0641a2d-2037-4bf1-8ad7-75ef45d3c540","version":20,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/c7c97ec0-5b83-486e-b2ac-687005c6e265","type":"text","family-id":"959e4a9b-fd2f-40b5-a889-ae6dfc3f30e2","title":"","id":"c7c97ec0-5b83-486e-b2ac-687005c6e265","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"India has made great strides in the field of renewable energy, with non-fossil fuels, excluding nuclear power, making up 43.12 per cent of the total installed capacity, according to the India Climate and Energy Dashboard by Union government think tank NITI Aayog. Installed capacity of solar power has increased twelvefold in the past eight years, says data with the dashboard as on March 31, 2024. This means India is on course to secure 50 per cent of its power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030\u2014a commitment made under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"9f3b2c30-8a6c-4317-9cb9-1dd8fbfec426","card-added-at":1717989243286,"status":"draft","id":"3dc86be4-4635-4409-a498-66baa98f11a9","content-id":"3dc86be4-4635-4409-a498-66baa98f11a9","version":19,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/eb5739ef-6baa-43b4-81bb-ba062e3df959","type":"text","family-id":"eab29218-e3ef-4b48-85f4-47d0cb1c4fc1","title":"","id":"eb5739ef-6baa-43b4-81bb-ba062e3df959","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"This target requires a sweeping transition plan. Currently, despite making up 43.12 per cent of the country\u2019s energy capacity, non-fossil fuel sources only generate 23.4 per cent of the total electricity, as per the dashboard. While the share of coal is projected to decline in the overall energy mix, integrating greater shares of renewable power into the grid will be key. For this, necessary investments in grid flexibility, transmission and distribution infrastructure and energy storage technologies like pumped hydro and batteries will be crucial.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"4979bb7c-e391-4c3e-ac67-d34d41f6f042","card-added-at":1717989263796,"status":"draft","id":"788d89de-577d-4003-b82a-c45779fb0ca0","content-id":"788d89de-577d-4003-b82a-c45779fb0ca0","version":18,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/91c8943a-d861-4d9c-851f-8f2490e83711","type":"text","family-id":"8bdd9141-2fb8-4c8e-9e25-617c5e4d6526","title":"","id":"91c8943a-d861-4d9c-851f-8f2490e83711","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The government must work to bridge the gap between states that are swiftly adopting renewables and those trailing behind. It is equally important to address systemic issues like the ailing health of distribution companies. This must be done while maintaining affordability of energy.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"547d8f16-54e0-4a3d-949a-287cec873c32","card-added-at":1717989290843,"status":"draft","id":"68b0eee9-8b11-4ee4-84bb-99f24145f98f","content-id":"68b0eee9-8b11-4ee4-84bb-99f24145f98f","version":17,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/b16be79b-33e3-4f85-babb-024fd70dd51b","type":"text","family-id":"0b9a0df3-d868-4de3-8ea3-bdb615bbdf29","title":"","id":"b16be79b-33e3-4f85-babb-024fd70dd51b","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"By 2019, India reduced the emissions intensity of its GDP (gross domestic product) by 33 per cent of the levels recorded in 2005. This means that the country is on track to achieve its 2030 target to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45 per cent. At the same time, India aims to grow its economy over eight times its present size by 2047. This means the country needs a formidable sector-wise decarbonisation plan aligned with domestic development imperatives. The country submitted a Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2022 with guidelines for different sectors. But we need detailed sectoral emissions reduction plans with short-, medium-, and long-term targets.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"c0d226d3-d130-4a31-bbb2-ad915888e24c","card-added-at":1717989290843,"status":"draft","id":"3ee842d9-17a4-41f3-b6b7-859b8c74d503","content-id":"3ee842d9-17a4-41f3-b6b7-859b8c74d503","version":17,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/1e150d89-cc8a-4982-ade5-8deb8bff998d","type":"text","family-id":"a493cfa7-3e54-4abe-8e91-403a72ade8cf","title":"","id":"1e150d89-cc8a-4982-ade5-8deb8bff998d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"India should proactively identify the gaps in implementation of decarbonisation measures, as well as the finance and technologies needed. Solutions and institutional interventions should ideally be determined at the domestic level and guide global financial and technical support for the country, rather than the other way around. This can harness multiple co-benefits, from alleviating the impacts of air pollution by reducing thermal power dependence to addressing the risk of stranded assets. It will also help lower the need for climate adaptation by avoiding the worst impacts of the climate crisis, and minimise the blow to economic and trade competitiveness in a changing global trade and climate regime.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"66bd343c-6235-4af6-8006-4d07441fb609","card-added-at":1717989306079,"status":"draft","id":"108cfa02-51f6-493d-9b2d-c764c835992c","content-id":"108cfa02-51f6-493d-9b2d-c764c835992c","version":16,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/990f122f-b84c-4c11-997a-ab56d489f001","type":"text","family-id":"26764d59-c26b-4c8e-bacd-47d635e99914","title":"","id":"990f122f-b84c-4c11-997a-ab56d489f001","metadata":{"content":"ACTION POINTS \u2022 Develop detailed emission-reduction plans for all sectors with short- and long-term targets \u2022 Improve climate adaptation with standardised framework, methodology to evaluate climate risks, vulnerability, development programmes \u2022 Prioritise resource security in the domestic green transformation through policy coherence and clear strategies \u2022 Devote adequate budget to the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change"},"subtype":"blurb","text":"ACTION POINTS \u2022 Develop detailed emission-reduction plans for all sectors with short- and long-term targets \u2022 Improve climate adaptation with standardised framework, methodology to evaluate climate risks, vulnerability, development programmes \u2022 Prioritise resource security in the domestic green transformation through policy coherence and clear strategies \u2022 Devote adequate budget to the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/96438206-829a-44ea-8dd6-4247eed68cc7","type":"text","family-id":"40cf7a83-9854-44b2-a775-ce9cf19c6771","title":"","id":"96438206-829a-44ea-8dd6-4247eed68cc7","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"
As per India\u2019s Third National Communication to UNFCCC, submitted in December 2023, the country needs Rs 56.68 lakh crore (US $679 billion) until 2030 for climate adaptation. Mechanisms such as the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change are aimed at enabling the states and Union Territories that are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts to meet the cost of adaptation. However, budgetary allocations for the fund have not kept pace with the growing needs\u2014the past two financial years have not seen any budgetary allocation at all. While there have been growing allocations for mitigation mechanisms in recent years, it is important for the government to prioritise adaptation needs of the country.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717990000671,"content-version-id":"dc2d926b-750c-4351-b90f-6b8a06975af3","card-added-at":1717989333037,"status":"draft","id":"5a407625-609d-4fab-8905-4b1c76e4338a","content-id":"5a407625-609d-4fab-8905-4b1c76e4338a","version":20,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/131f39dc-7f0b-4f15-9920-56ab0790de8c","type":"text","family-id":"ef9a600e-6854-4b66-8f42-09b53f23d342","title":"","id":"131f39dc-7f0b-4f15-9920-56ab0790de8c","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"To pinpoint adaptation gaps, thorough research on socio-economic impacts is vital. In the Third National Communication, the Union government highlights that most risk assessment studies focus solely on hazards. Improving adaptation research requires a standardised framework and methodology to evaluate climate risks, vulnerability and effectiveness of development programmes through government investment, community impact studies, building the capacity of local administrations and technological interventions to boost resilience, particularly in vulnerable sectors like medium and small enterprises and agriculture.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"a03aae1e-d5cd-4bc0-a566-aaae68b2b794","card-added-at":1717989376873,"status":"draft","id":"5753e595-cd01-4403-8ace-557f83927292","content-id":"5753e595-cd01-4403-8ace-557f83927292","version":12,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/212a453c-38b2-4144-8105-fc1b2ed693fa","type":"text","family-id":"de26090a-e7a5-4d10-beaf-4423925fa346","title":"","id":"212a453c-38b2-4144-8105-fc1b2ed693fa","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"The country\u2019s climate ambitions are also susceptible to various external pressures, from the geopolitics of energy and industry to the global competition to control the supply chains for critical minerals and green technologies. Resource realism is at the forefront of international politics.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"04bb1c88-a038-4d6c-828d-9f06bf9659f2","card-added-at":1717989404100,"status":"draft","id":"5482dbe2-0622-4d24-9646-7aa62e0c3d3b","content-id":"5482dbe2-0622-4d24-9646-7aa62e0c3d3b","version":11,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","image-metadata":{"width":500,"height":406,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":33637,"file-name":"0.89587000_1717744700_08-10-climate-change-3.jpg"},"page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/d433f05d-ef4b-4464-abe5-6823ba2374ce","type":"image","family-id":"f9fc1bba-cea7-4551-bb41-8a2b7091e506","image-attribution":"","title":"Note: There was no budget allocation for the fund in 2023-24 and 2024-25. Source: Budget documents","id":"d433f05d-ef4b-4464-abe5-6823ba2374ce","alt-text":"","hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"downtoearth/2024-06/f9b34e3f-f04b-4a4b-b7ab-c471f1a79526/0.89587000_1717744700_08-10-climate-change-3.jpg","metadata":{},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/4b46dd35-058a-491b-840d-68e8a4ba3b1b","type":"text","family-id":"b5343656-b0b4-4e91-963f-cb3438902e92","title":"","id":"4b46dd35-058a-491b-840d-68e8a4ba3b1b","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"Take the case of rare earth metals, crucial for the production of low-carbon technologies. China produces nearly 85 per cent of the world\u2019s rare earth oxides, from which rare earth elements are obtained, according to the International Energy Agency. Countries are increasingly recognising the significant supply risk posed by such excessive concentration of production and processing. This risk extends to the supply chains of solar equipment and electric vehicles, the majority of which are concentrated in China. The West is shielding itself from this onslaught through subsidies with which India cannot compete. The West is also resorting to mechanisms such as the EU\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which may hurt India\u2019s trade competitiveness. Through CBAM, the EU proposes to tax imports of certain products based on their carbon footprint, which will have major economic impacts for countries like India that export carbon-intensive goods like iron, steel and aluminium to the bloc.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"ccf115b2-bf6a-402f-93b9-6ac6bcd0e6e8","card-added-at":1717989404100,"status":"draft","id":"2c3b3fa8-17df-4d0e-a54b-f2c6eb2208f6","content-id":"2c3b3fa8-17df-4d0e-a54b-f2c6eb2208f6","version":11,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/f9b34e3f-f04b-4a4b-b7ab-c471f1a79526/0.89587000_1717744700_08-10-climate-change-3.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":"","metadata":{"width":500,"height":406,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":33637,"file-name":"0.89587000_1717744700_08-10-climate-change-3.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/bda59e02-dbb8-4914-af80-9ef87f6c7ad6","type":"text","family-id":"bb1114ab-1823-4de1-aa8a-a59418e6d72e","title":"","id":"bda59e02-dbb8-4914-af80-9ef87f6c7ad6","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"In light of these challenges, the country\u2019s foreign policy should prioritise resource security in the domestic green transformation. Policy coherence and clear strategies for onshore manufacturing of key technology components, diversification of supply chains for raw materials and appropriate challenging of parochial trade actions masquerading as climate protection will be key.
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"a10b23c2-a789-498a-a23f-70a6db9bf480","card-added-at":1717989530947,"status":"draft","id":"c2082099-a9d3-4961-9a08-c72ae43f5332","content-id":"c2082099-a9d3-4961-9a08-c72ae43f5332","version":9,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/a0bba2c9-1e6a-4e3a-b1f5-c65c2667bd97/element/ffa644bf-f3c3-433c-aec7-b91680a7d092","type":"text","family-id":"3011f3a7-97e4-4c57-bc5a-cfff2e14607c","title":"","id":"ffa644bf-f3c3-433c-aec7-b91680a7d092","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"In a climate-risked and conflict-ridden world, India has a unique opportunity to fill the current vacuum in climate leadership by converging its international rhetoric at climate forums with clear and bold domestic action.
This was first published in the 1-15 June, 2024 print edition of Down To Earth
"}],"card-updated-at":1717989748360,"content-version-id":"8356dd57-0e2b-47e0-89ba-d110adb65d2d","card-added-at":1717989556145,"status":"draft","id":"8eab987f-8aae-4239-9bd3-372fce693fdb","content-id":"8eab987f-8aae-4239-9bd3-372fce693fdb","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"New Government\u2019s Agenda: Vision 2030 for India","message":null,"image":{"key":"downtoearth/2024-06/4302b048-aeda-4905-9b7e-80d682580508/0_33323200_1717744620_p08illu_india_2030__leading_the_way_on_climate_action.jpg","url":null,"attribution":"Illustration: Yogendra Anand / CSE","alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1024,"height":1047,"mime-type":"image/jpeg","file-size":123244,"file-name":"0.33323200_1717744620_p08illu-india-2030--leading-the-way-on-climate-action.jpg"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/new-governments-agenda-vision-2030-for-india","story-version-id":"97957bc6-fa4d-4e66-9b8d-a625d6ed75e7","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1717999228534,"author-id":1940303,"owner-id":1940154,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1717989755915,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":29,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1717999222363,"authors":[{"slug":"trishant-dev","social":{},"name":"Trishant Dev","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","bio":"Deputy Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment","id":1940303,"avatar-s3-key":"downtoearth/2025-05-27/a9ydgfwd/Trishant_Dev.jpg","twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"tamanna-sengupta","social":{},"name":"Tamanna Sengupta","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.42213100_1694421698_traditional-(1).png","bio":"Former Programme Officer, Climate Change, CSE.","id":1944572,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Rajat Ghai"}},{"id":"ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Trade & climate priorities are converging: Does this help or hurt a fair global green transition?"]},"story":{"updated-at":1716871089769,"seo":{"meta-title":"Trade & climate priorities are converging: Does this help or hurt a fair global green transition?","meta-description":"If climate considerations are to permeate trade agreements & vice versa, upholding principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, special & differential treatment is crucial","meta-keywords":["Climate Change","Global Warming","climate policy","Energy Policy","Trade","Green energy","Minerals","global south","climate negotiations","Emissions"],"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940101,"author-name":"migrator","tags":[{"id":9594165,"name":"World","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"world","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594329,"name":"Global Warming","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-warming","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594859,"name":"global south","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-south","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595058,"name":"Trade","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"trade","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595101,"name":"Minerals","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"minerals","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595249,"name":"Emissions","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"emissions","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595606,"name":"Energy Policy","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"energy-policy","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9596780,"name":"Green energy","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"green-energy","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9603054,"name":"climate negotiations","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-negotiations","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9814979,"name":"climate policy","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"climate-policy","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Trade & climate priorities are converging: Does this help or hurt a fair global green transition?","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b","slug":"climate-change/trade-climate-priorities-are-converging-does-this-help-or-hurt-a-fair-global-green-transition--96238","last-published-at":1716173630000,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"If climate considerations are to permeate trade agreements & vice versa, upholding principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, special & differential treatment is crucial","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1716870595368,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"migrator","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":null,"comments":null,"word-count":1164,"story-features":null,"entities":{},"published-at":1716173630000,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":"96238","canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b","hero-image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.97003100_1716188806_istock-484115632.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/33707ad3-e747-4e47-a30c-0448cb147393","type":"text","family-id":"b0761226-6186-4bac-a597-67d1e5a464e4","title":"","id":"33707ad3-e747-4e47-a30c-0448cb147393","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The world is in a race to build a low-carbon economy. In mid-2022, the world\u2019s largest historical emitter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the United States passed a domestic bill \u2014 the\u00A0Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) \u2014 that would see the government invest about $370 billion across a decade in renewable energy, energy efficiency and electric vehicles (EV).
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/89215f8d-5d92-4b51-af3c-370973338202","type":"text","family-id":"5cf058ae-f66e-4ddf-b014-9511a7880344","title":"","id":"89215f8d-5d92-4b51-af3c-370973338202","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Separately, in December 2022, the European Union agreed on a preliminary deal for an\u00A0EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on imported goods such as iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity and hydrogen. In the EU\u2019s words, this would \u201Cincentivise our trading partners to decarbonise their manufacturing industry\u201D.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/d46e8649-37ea-466d-8b07-027e1c4ae7e3","type":"text","family-id":"75380b5a-e1bc-4cd3-9d60-65b091736cd3","title":"","id":"d46e8649-37ea-466d-8b07-027e1c4ae7e3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On the face of it, these measures seem like proactive climate-friendly legislation by big polluters. However, the IRA\u2019s bottomless green subsidies and the CBAM\u2019s green tariff wall have sparked fears of trade protectionism, as governments on the pretext of climate action try to reshore green industries and dominate the global supply chain of goods and technologies essential to avert a climate catastrophe.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/20d70f49-47aa-4161-81bf-545e1d97fcfa","type":"text","family-id":"40d13a3a-12ba-467c-aab2-91e9ae2344f8","title":"","id":"20d70f49-47aa-4161-81bf-545e1d97fcfa","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"An overarching consideration that includes but is not limited to CBAM or IRA as policy tools, is whether trade is a domain through which countries must enforce greater climate ambition. For example, last month, US Climate Envoy John Podesta announced a new\u00A0Climate and Trade Task Force to address \u201Ccarbon leakage, carbon dumping, and embodied carbon in general\u201D. The US signals intent to work with trade partners to develop standard methods to measure emissions, lower costs of clean technologies and help developing countries secure capital needed to decarbonise industry.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/c6dbf89e-e292-4493-84e3-a563989f258d","type":"text","family-id":"bc5dca2d-7f4a-4cbd-94ce-b33889f9d7ac","title":"","id":"c6dbf89e-e292-4493-84e3-a563989f258d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Historically, developed countries\u00A0have sought to merge trade and environment considerations, arguing that \u201Cthe multilateral trading system and the environmental regime are mutually supportive\u201D.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/79e8e2b5-969f-4ad3-880b-8cdc45152ef3","type":"text","family-id":"2dd76681-4e9d-4f5d-bbfb-100098a4a100","title":"","id":"79e8e2b5-969f-4ad3-880b-8cdc45152ef3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Critics have argued that this approach seeks legal grounds to impose trade restrictions on developing countries on the grounds of environmental concerns. Thus, even if the restrictions do not significantly address environmental problems \u2013 or carbon emissions \u2013 developing countries would find it difficult to legally challenge them and their exports will also suffer.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/8a320219-b1f5-4c0e-8fa4-cfa2ca45870c","type":"text","family-id":"11c46372-df2b-4759-9109-c4e793ed9f40","title":"","id":"8a320219-b1f5-4c0e-8fa4-cfa2ca45870c","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Developing countries distrust the developed countries\u2019 endeavour to link environment and trade \u2013\u00A0their fear being that trade / environment linkages are sought for purely protectionist reasons. To that extent, the 1992 UN Convention on Climate Change specified that \u201Cmeasures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade.\u201D
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/27a6e5b7-97cd-4d2a-9a80-4ed02cbf8aaa","type":"text","family-id":"84aee6b6-974b-493a-a4d9-bb1299fa82a5","title":"","id":"27a6e5b7-97cd-4d2a-9a80-4ed02cbf8aaa","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In 1998, in the context of a US ban on the import of shrimp that was caught in a way that harmed endangered turtles, Anil Agarwal of Delhi-based think tank, Centre for Science and Environment,\u00A0argued against the use of trade sanctions on environmental grounds. \u201COnly economically powerful nations can impose effective trade sanctions against less economically powerful nations. This tool for bringing environmentally errant nations to task cannot be used by less economically powerful nations against the global economic powers, howsoever bad their environmental track record might be,\u201D he stated.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/117ba5d2-eb6d-4373-a9c9-7c0c911d8065","type":"text","family-id":"f3bfb2ba-9df3-415d-97ea-8342bbfb0224","title":"","id":"117ba5d2-eb6d-4373-a9c9-7c0c911d8065","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Agarwal\u00A0raised the issue of the climate problem where the US is the biggest perpetrator, asking \u201Ccan the nations likely to be most affected by global warming \u2013 the Maldives and Bangladesh \u2013 impose trade sanctions on the US and expect it to be effective?\u201D
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/c018fc9d-aea9-467c-9314-073a3ff07023","type":"text","family-id":"19fce309-4988-41f1-b4b0-fe1d62321d63","title":"","id":"c018fc9d-aea9-467c-9314-073a3ff07023","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Moreover, the criteria on which some of the new policy tools are hinged, such as differing emission intensities of production among countries, cannot be delinked from the climate justice question. Take the case of a CBAM that imposes a border adjustment tax on exporting countries on the basis of a higher emission intensity and the absence of a domestic carbon pricing mechanism, compared to the EU. Higher emissions intensity in many developing countries is linked to a number of historical variables including the offshoring of carbon intensive manufacturing from developed countries, and a belated effort at improving developmental outcomes through the use of cheap energy, which in many cases is coal. The latter is occurring decades after the Global North industrialised through unhindered fossil fuel dependence and now has the means to gradually decarbonise. The unilateral imposition of a carbon tax on traded goods neglects this history.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/8f7cf697-a6b4-4975-93a7-e80ee154f68f","type":"text","family-id":"1cbf3962-88f6-48dc-abd3-e7af373355af","title":"","id":"8f7cf697-a6b4-4975-93a7-e80ee154f68f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Yet, in an increasingly climate-risked world, the lines between trade rules and greenhouse gas (GHG) governance rules are getting blurred, especially considering that GHG emissions produced locally have a global warming impact and do not restrain themselves within territorial borders.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/45a9ea0f-3c80-4a77-9ba7-2ced7146d55e","type":"text","family-id":"e9f4a69b-91fc-4a90-b9d9-2d698784f813","title":"","id":"45a9ea0f-3c80-4a77-9ba7-2ced7146d55e","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Green is the colour of tomorrow\u2019s world economy, as clean technologies produced by low-carbon industrial processes will dominate, and fossil fuels and carbon intensive production increasingly become stranded assets. Therefore, for the world powers, carbon is not the only consideration, it is economic relevance as well. The US\u2019 statement on its Climate and Trade Taskforce comes with caveats \u2013 the provisions will be extended to \u201Clike-minded\u201D countries, a continuation of the strategy of \u2018friendshoring\u2019 to counter China\u2019s dominance of manufacturing as well as the new green supply chains.
"},{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.70450900_1716189686_1000066183.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1716870595368,"page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/4223ad34-2f62-46e5-ac2c-da82662f8aa1","type":"image","family-id":"bf07d946-097a-4a6a-9099-2ad0ff6ebf3e","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"4223ad34-2f62-46e5-ac2c-da82662f8aa1","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.70450900_1716189686_1000066183.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/ea0be857-8510-46c7-b13a-a9ec76f52d0d","type":"text","family-id":"4eaf6de8-d731-4bd6-9bc5-d3db5648189e","title":"","id":"ea0be857-8510-46c7-b13a-a9ec76f52d0d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"China dominates clean energy manufacturing capacity globally
"},{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.53419400_1716189976_1000066186.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1716870595368,"page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/f76e731b-e460-4be2-b83e-7918a559a2e7","type":"image","family-id":"1bf1b9d8-ef88-4985-8177-d4b9f7c63af9","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"f76e731b-e460-4be2-b83e-7918a559a2e7","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.53419400_1716189976_1000066186.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/838efdef-e175-45ee-9f48-a987c3a0dac8","type":"text","family-id":"46890762-7ec1-4b89-a622-0ee1467b1049","title":"","id":"838efdef-e175-45ee-9f48-a987c3a0dac8","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The US has been fairly explicit in its China containment strategy, for, among other things, green goods. Last week it announced a hike in tariffs on Chinese imports of EVs, batteries and solar cells. Duties on EVs have been hiked to 100 per cent. The IRA itself prevents subsidies going to batteries manufactured in a \u2018foreign entity of concern\u2019, thereby shutting out Chinese firms or EVs containing battery metals processed in China.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/f74be757-9d9b-4cd0-b82f-95fc67199277","type":"text","family-id":"1b5b5861-c30b-4a30-bf2c-f79e936db695","title":"","id":"f74be757-9d9b-4cd0-b82f-95fc67199277","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In this economic (and thereby trade) war between the G2 \u2013 the US and China \u2013 and the EU\u2019s role as a frontrunner in climate policy and marketplace for goods, developing countries must determine their role. During climate negotiations at the 28th Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai in 2023, developing country Parties and blocs such as the African Group, China, Iran, Brazil, Egypt and BASIC raised concerns about unilateral trade measures negatively impacting their economies, as well as hindering their ability to eradicate poverty and fulfil their commitments to the Paris Agreement. This confirms the gradual intertwining of the trade and climate agenda, as climate-related policy tools start showing the potential to impact global trade balances and competitiveness, and the subsequent financial health of countries with export-driven economies.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/a3f2c0e6-0b08-410a-a354-74ca400a99da","type":"text","family-id":"39a7a798-86db-4bc8-a4ba-14ece2740301","title":"","id":"a3f2c0e6-0b08-410a-a354-74ca400a99da","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"How developing countries respond to this will vary across the policy landscape, as different instruments warrant different approaches. It\u2019s a question we will keep exploring. But one thing is clear: If climate considerations are to permeate trade agreements, and vice versa, upholding the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities as well as special and differential treatment is crucial. Without this, developing countries may increasingly find their exports curbed on climate grounds, and simultaneously become buyers of green technologies produced in the Global North.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/ae99a723-e8d2-4621-a37f-e0b5bedb9c6b/element/def64783-87ad-4c8a-8452-c0fc18ebf711","type":"text","family-id":"4a92213c-ba3b-47f2-98e8-3cc3db408b28","title":"","id":"def64783-87ad-4c8a-8452-c0fc18ebf711","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"As Agarwal wrote: \u201CThere can be no doubt that there is today a need for a system of global environmental governance, but this system must be built on rules, regulations, tools and modalities that are fair, just and equally accessible to all.\u201D
"}],"card-updated-at":1716871089793,"content-version-id":"44b0e06d-fc5c-471b-8967-1e36cf0d652e","card-added-at":1716871089793,"status":"draft","id":"07619b71-3dad-40bb-b53e-402900246f66","content-id":"07619b71-3dad-40bb-b53e-402900246f66","version":1,"metadata":{"external-id":"new-0.811821156169567","social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Trade & climate priorities are converging: Does this help or hurt a fair global green transition?","message":null,"image":{"key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.70450900_1716189686_1000066183.jpg","url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.70450900_1716189686_1000066183.jpg","attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":null,"metadata":null}}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/trade-climate-priorities-are-converging-does-this-help-or-hurt-a-fair-global-green-transition--96238","story-version-id":"e994bd18-4fd8-436a-bc91-e3af85145d2c","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1716871089879,"author-id":1940101,"owner-id":1940101,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"last-updated-by":{"member-name":"migrator","member-id":1940101},"first-published-at":1716168534000,"hero-image-caption":"Photo for representation: iStock","version":2,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1716871089769,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"hero-image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-05-20/0.97003100_1716188806_istock-484115632.jpg","publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"migrator"}},{"id":"5877d547-aff8-4f1f-a108-b72b479e5d4f","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["A COP28 recap with CSE-DTE"]},"story":{"updated-at":1733914396605,"seo":{"meta-title":"A COP28 recap with CSE-DTE","meta-description":"As the world converges on Baku later this year, here are some interesting details from the COP gone by","meta-keywords":["Climate Change","cop28","dubai","emirates declaration"],"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940101,"author-name":"migrator","tags":[{"id":9594165,"name":"World","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"world","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595327,"name":"cop28","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop28","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9596133,"name":"dubai","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"dubai","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9715716,"name":"emirates declaration","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"emirates-declaration","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"A COP28 recap with CSE-DTE","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"5877d547-aff8-4f1f-a108-b72b479e5d4f","slug":"climate-change/a-cop28-recap-with-cse-dte-94228","last-published-at":1710829270000,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"As the world converges on Baku later this year, here are some interesting details from the COP gone by","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":1,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1713798691005,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"migrator","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":null,"comments":null,"word-count":187,"story-features":null,"entities":{},"published-at":1710829270000,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":"94228","canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"bullets","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"5877d547-aff8-4f1f-a108-b72b479e5d4f","hero-image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2024-02-02/0.01613300_1706864450_cop28uae.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5877d547-aff8-4f1f-a108-b72b479e5d4f/element/eefa98af-58a1-42e0-b09a-0a8bcbbffd02","type":"title","family-id":"09d1e3f0-ee83-40c9-b30a-d82409f6031e","title":"","id":"eefa98af-58a1-42e0-b09a-0a8bcbbffd02","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Changing narratives"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/5877d547-aff8-4f1f-a108-b72b479e5d4f/element/efdb9f85-8185-4bd5-944c-51270c4f18e5","type":"text","family-id":"945da4bb-148d-45cc-bd91-97cd530ef586","title":"Changing narratives","id":"efdb9f85-8185-4bd5-944c-51270c4f18e5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"
It is time we discussed the science behind the phase out of fossil fuels; by when and which fuel
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-04/0.75397600_1704350422_p16-17dlpix-53383600498_a5e479605.jpg\")
The world agreed to transition away from fossil fuels at COP28 Dubai, besides operationalising a Loss and Damage Fund; it did not set a deadline for fossil fuel phaseout or reassure on climate finance & equity though
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-05/0.96329400_1704454271_philippines.jpg\")
The final text agreed on December 13, acknowledges the Global Dialogues and the summary report produced by the Co-Chairs
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-06/0.45484100_1704521968_istock-1310488068.jpg\")
Global Stocktake text has some key highlights & evident gaps, a big one being on the operationalisation of equity in the fossil fuels transition
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-08/0.95875800_1704706016_istock-1502835308.jpg\")
Among other risks, a further delay in operationalising Article 6 could mean voluntary carbon markets and discretionary bilateral arrangements will keep filling the void
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-08/0.47105000_1704713996_@cop28_uae.jpg\")
The two-week long battle of negotiations saw many competing priorities from countries influencing the text
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2024-01-09/0.93841800_1704782722_53395135483_65c94c6ec7_k.jpg\")
New climate finance goal discussions remained limited to process, substantive elements pushed to COP29
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\u201CIt\u2019s late, we\u2019re tired, we\u2019re frustrated. We have, to a large extent, failed you\u201D, said a statement by Richard Sherman, co-chair of the Transitional Committee (TC) for the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF). As the conflict in Israel-Palestine raged on, a small group of climate negotiators convened in the Nile-side city of Aswan in southern Egypt to fight another crucial battle for climate justice\u00A0that has continued for about three decades.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/6453f308-946d-4f5a-ab13-c28478ae8bb9","type":"text","family-id":"37857647-a770-4d81-9c2a-e8c4c7b9395c","title":"","id":"6453f308-946d-4f5a-ab13-c28478ae8bb9","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"At the 27th Conference of Parties (COP27) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, also held in Egypt last year, a historic agreement was reached to establish a Loss and Damage Fund. It was designed as a multilateral entity that will disburse money to recover from damage that poor countries have suffered due to climate change-induced weather disasters and other impacts.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/db14327f-243f-47e1-8180-cafa5832a28d","type":"text","family-id":"ada2efd9-79cf-4328-bee6-e0499500427f","title":"","id":"db14327f-243f-47e1-8180-cafa5832a28d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"One of the provisions of the agreement was to set up a 24-member committee (the TC) representing developed and developing country Parties, co-chaired by Sherman of South Africa and Outi Honkatukia of Finland. The TC was to meet four times (TC 1-4) before producing its recommendations for the LDF at COP28 this year.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/fe9ef504-db6d-43c9-8398-37b3d9efbd9f","type":"text","family-id":"afe0119f-269c-4f87-8ffe-9c6d1465481e","title":"","id":"fe9ef504-db6d-43c9-8398-37b3d9efbd9f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"What started at TC1 as a cooperative and optimistic process earlier this year, has rapidly morphed into a battleground for the rich and the poor, the polluters and the victims.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/51493eb2-6cbf-445b-b5fb-67a22a55faab","type":"text","family-id":"c773facc-1746-425a-8bec-075fd32db28f","title":"","id":"51493eb2-6cbf-445b-b5fb-67a22a55faab","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"At the TC4 held last week in Egypt \u2014 what was to be the \u201Cabsolutely final\u201D meeting of the TC \u2014 disagreements soared, meetings ran past 1 am and negotiators had to postpone their scheduled return flights.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/d55b243f-56bf-4ce1-85c4-5bf169eb1716","type":"text","family-id":"fbf7152a-c607-4364-9234-328911fe57f0","title":"","id":"d55b243f-56bf-4ce1-85c4-5bf169eb1716","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Sherman\u2019s statement reflected the disarray with which the gathering, tasked with operationalising the LDF, concluded. The meeting formally closed with no agreement except for one: To have a TC5 at Abu Dhabi in November.
"},{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-10-27/0.59457700_1698397057_data-card_cop264.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1713511290446,"page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/4f39c09f-be1d-4d55-b108-3a4520a78635","type":"image","family-id":"5b703466-55a9-4363-bd02-99367b5cc4d1","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"4f39c09f-be1d-4d55-b108-3a4520a78635","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-10-27/0.59457700_1698397057_data-card_cop264.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/26878f66-9596-4c03-b6d1-9333095a92ed","type":"text","family-id":"6c5fd683-f6b4-4c39-a247-09437b49b123","title":"","id":"26878f66-9596-4c03-b6d1-9333095a92ed","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Source: The Numbers Behind Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, 2021
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/f10ffcfa-cb8c-4c2c-85bf-e8db2274fa82","type":"text","family-id":"3b8128d5-77d4-4654-aabf-a4509b234fd8","title":"","id":"f10ffcfa-cb8c-4c2c-85bf-e8db2274fa82","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The LDF negotiations are interesting because although the TC members represent specific countries and blocs, their overall constituencies are classified as \u201CDeveloped\u201D or \u201CDeveloping\u201D Parties. Therefore, the points made starkly show the views of the Global North versus that of the Global South.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/57ead7b4-cb6a-4519-bb41-17f1d3b16be6","type":"text","family-id":"8c9756d3-c53c-4e91-b80f-2b355e98451f","title":"","id":"57ead7b4-cb6a-4519-bb41-17f1d3b16be6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"One such example is of the location of the Fund \u2014 the element that derailed the agenda of TC4.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/7ffb020f-3749-48bb-8b61-be90a51eebfa","type":"text","family-id":"15d0adb1-4376-4881-a414-4248a7b8c8e7","title":"","id":"7ffb020f-3749-48bb-8b61-be90a51eebfa","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Developed country parties including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Australia are staunch advocates for the World Bank to host the LDF. According to them, as an established institution, it has what it takes to quickly operationalise the Fund. This is concerning developing country blocs such as the G77 and China, African Group of Negotiators and Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS).
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/68d96f60-b981-406e-a2ff-a874d623068c","type":"text","family-id":"7a6b6c0a-d39a-48e8-9b12-e4c63b26be11","title":"","id":"68d96f60-b981-406e-a2ff-a874d623068c","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Given the World Bank\u2019s track record, they believe an LDF under it will stall finance, increase debt and undermine country needs. Instead, they want the LDF to have new, independent hosting under UNFCCC, where it will mandatorily uphold the principles of common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) and equity.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/99138cb8-97f1-4ef4-908a-47c3ee767546","type":"text","family-id":"5528bdc2-df68-4c5a-978b-5812c679b890","title":"","id":"99138cb8-97f1-4ef4-908a-47c3ee767546","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The location debate led to a twist on Day 2. Observers were locked out as World Bank representatives held a closed-door session with TC members. The sudden development led to further closed sessions throughout the second day.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/6b90c470-8553-4cfa-b4a3-0e6e54d091e6","type":"text","family-id":"01709091-d20b-4e14-b7f2-8329a92c7a09","title":"","id":"6b90c470-8553-4cfa-b4a3-0e6e54d091e6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On day 3, as the open sessions resumed, it was clear that the World Bank had provided little solace. As Dianne Black-Layne of Antigua and Barbuda representing AOSIS put it: \u201CIf the World Bank is the only option, [then] let us stop negotiating. It is a decision of the developed countries, not a TC4 decision\u201D.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/8c83a4f6-df2d-4020-9d55-8a7e9ea247d6","type":"text","family-id":"3bd61514-28c4-46cd-a6f1-c09238e952dc","title":"","id":"8c83a4f6-df2d-4020-9d55-8a7e9ea247d6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The key issue seemed to be a 17 per cent \u201Chosting fee\u201D proposed by the World Bank. To pay money in order to receive critical Loss and Damage finance is \u201Chighway robbery\u201D, as Dianne Black-Layne said.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/f55330ea-3882-4b33-9090-c40592986791","type":"text","family-id":"3eab072a-628d-40c9-9482-88c85960c3e9","title":"","id":"f55330ea-3882-4b33-9090-c40592986791","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In contrast, Jean-Christophe Donnellier of France said the 17 per cent fee of the World Bank, \u201Cis probably one of the lowest on the market.\u201D\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/58515926-d588-45df-96a8-8df57cef5d42","type":"text","family-id":"a1184796-2687-4fbc-acfa-16c490dbf616","title":"","id":"58515926-d588-45df-96a8-8df57cef5d42","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Christina Chan of the US stated that the time spent on discussing the location of the Fund is \u201Cconcerning\u201D. However, for developing countries its location will determine the policies it is governed by, ultimately deciding on equitable and timely access to the LDF, laying bare the difference in fundamental priorities regarding the Fund\u2019s operation.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/b2c7a43d-b214-4bb9-9ab9-671dbcac1daf","type":"text","family-id":"5580ad70-2a42-406e-89e5-b59eca577e3d","title":"","id":"b2c7a43d-b214-4bb9-9ab9-671dbcac1daf","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The next most contentious debate was on eligibility. Developed countries have long advocated for the LDF to be accessible only to Least Developed Countries (LDC), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and \u201Cparticularly vulnerable\u201D countries.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/6c66f55f-2bcb-4d76-8afa-f3c990bc54f8","type":"text","family-id":"5bfe0760-f4ad-4952-9237-080434726219","title":"","id":"6c66f55f-2bcb-4d76-8afa-f3c990bc54f8","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Developing countries have said that \u201Call developing countries\u201D should have access to the fund. At TC4, developed countries referred to specific allocations for LDCs, SIDS and the particularly vulnerable under eligibility.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/27549587-2e8c-49eb-a340-b957d9ef13ac","type":"text","family-id":"cb80a515-165a-4bca-a9f7-983c26e0ae40","title":"","id":"27549587-2e8c-49eb-a340-b957d9ef13ac","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":""You are saying [that] some human beings are of [a] higher level than other human beings,\u201D said Mohamed Nasr of Egypt, representing the COP27 Presidency. Nasr stressed the need to separate the language on \u2018eligibility\u2019 and \u2018allocation\u2019. He added that he is ready to be flexible around different allocations for different country groups, but eligibility must include all developing countries.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/a36016d9-9deb-428a-902d-bd1b29502426","type":"text","family-id":"c62fabaf-f645-4586-ab88-6a023f535ab2","title":"","id":"a36016d9-9deb-428a-902d-bd1b29502426","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On day 4, expected to be the final day, developing countries pointed out an imbalance in the proposed draft. Matheus Bastos of Brazil representing G77 and China (the largest group of developing countries), stressed that they will not accept the World Bank option. Nasr pointed out that the replenishment of the Fund has not been addressed.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/fa7849ba-dff6-43fd-8afe-52b3f078cbf6","type":"text","family-id":"e62b45dc-3608-43ad-bb79-8254ba965b14","title":"","id":"fa7849ba-dff6-43fd-8afe-52b3f078cbf6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Angela Rivera Galvis of Colombia brought back the importance of acknowledging the eligibility of all developing countries. In response, Jaime de Bourbon de Parme of Netherlands agreed on the need for safeguards for developing countries to ensure access to the funds while saying that developed countries need similar safeguards to justify the finance to their taxpayers.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/9935adb5-357e-4af3-93d5-3e092ed3d8c5","type":"text","family-id":"4cd91281-fcca-4530-baec-08820e67326b","title":"","id":"9935adb5-357e-4af3-93d5-3e092ed3d8c5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In simple terms, this means justifying the LDF for \u201Cparticularly vulnerable\u201D countries will be easier. But then, it becomes a case of the rich countries deciding how, when and where the money will go to the Global South \u2014 going against equity and the acknowledgement of the historical responsibility of the Global North. It was not a surprise to us, therefore, when Christina Chan said unequivocally: \u201CWe would not accept language on principles and provisions of the Convention.\u201D\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/16b31583-08b5-4bd0-a13f-698667a22dd5","type":"text","family-id":"0612ef5f-aaf7-49ed-b07f-8f1fe3adaa66","title":"","id":"16b31583-08b5-4bd0-a13f-698667a22dd5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Harjeet Singh, head of global political strategy, Climate Action Network International, said:
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/5b9d6499-513d-43c2-80df-ca7e0d4a25a3","type":"text","family-id":"dacc2618-c46b-488f-9202-7ede85ee6714","title":"","id":"5b9d6499-513d-43c2-80df-ca7e0d4a25a3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"\r"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/6d945427-25c8-40db-853e-7d7821d514a3","type":"text","family-id":"962eb208-dcc7-4540-959d-39dff61fa609","title":"","id":"6d945427-25c8-40db-853e-7d7821d514a3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Developed countries must be held accountable for their shameless attempts to push the World Bank as the host of the fund, their refusal to discuss the necessary scale of finance, and their blatant disregard for their responsibilities under the UN Climate Change Convention and the Paris Agreement. Behind closed doors, developed nations not only attempted to fracture the solidarity of developing countries, but when unsuccessful, brazenly asked even the poorest nations to contribute to the fund.
\r
UNFCCC is regarded as a sacred space by many, particularly those countries which find their voices drowned out by wealthier countries at fora like the World Bank or the World Trade Organization. It operates on \u2018consensus\u2019 and each country has an equal voice that must say \u2018yes\u2019 for every decision to pass.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/558f1076-bc4a-4c3a-b436-795b6b36bd7e","type":"text","family-id":"cdba7169-3bc1-423d-b89a-8730f30a6bda","title":"","id":"558f1076-bc4a-4c3a-b436-795b6b36bd7e","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"No country is more powerful than others in those rooms. Stallers are clearly visible to all; every hesitation is noted for all to see.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/b049d440-b269-4f43-8fd9-b441f475715e","type":"text","family-id":"0e01257a-436a-4ece-ab45-212c763244eb","title":"","id":"b049d440-b269-4f43-8fd9-b441f475715e","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Loss and damage, in particular, is one of the purest distillations of the climate justice issue \u2014 the fact that the polluters are being asked to pay for damages that have reversed decades of development in the poorest parts of the world; damages that are themselves caused by carbon-intensive development which has enriched the polluters.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/19d8f73c-7c0e-4bf8-898b-13c87377ef74","type":"text","family-id":"00476209-aa33-4557-9c60-412b5f7c06e8","title":"","id":"19d8f73c-7c0e-4bf8-898b-13c87377ef74","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"At loss and damage negotiations, developed countries can\u2019t hide behind the private sector \u2014 there is no money to be made here, only grants will do. They are attempting to hide behind Multilateral Development Banks \u2014 among which the World Bank can be considered a Western institution heavily influenced by the US.\u00A0But developing countries \u2014 especially the G77, representing over 80 per cent of the world\u2019s population \u2014 clearly see their attempt to hide behind a puppet institution.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/074730fb-ece8-4c82-8c0c-18921cec7b58","type":"text","family-id":"35fecda3-0390-4f9d-a02d-227d75ba1d1d","title":"","id":"074730fb-ece8-4c82-8c0c-18921cec7b58","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In loss and damage discussions, it\u2019s hard to point to current emitters like China and India, since most of the damage today is being caused by CO2 emitted a century ago.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/be713102-64fd-4488-b81c-4d8676b8851a","type":"text","family-id":"6744cfc9-0252-43fd-9af8-a29598fcd04c","title":"","id":"be713102-64fd-4488-b81c-4d8676b8851a","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In fact, loss and damage is the true manifestation of the principle of CBDR and equity.\u00A0It shows how developed countries\u2019 climate posturing \u2014 with John Kerry denouncing coal and Ursula von der Leyen touting carbon pricing \u2014 is no more than, well, posturing. They appear to be climate leaders but are in fact dodgers of responsibility.\u00A0\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/2aaf41a5-41d8-4bea-b459-00cd22830be8/element/811636b4-ab82-42f3-80ef-420a21197bff","type":"text","family-id":"67ce1789-c550-4580-9146-2d6961829257","title":"","id":"811636b4-ab82-42f3-80ef-420a21197bff","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"TC4 saw developed countries constantly asking for more flexibility from the developing countries over the draft recommendations, with little compromise themselves. If they are successful in watering down the needs of the Global South in the final draft at TC5, it will be a mirror to the fading of equity in international cooperation on climate action.
"}],"card-updated-at":1714030594529,"content-version-id":"c3615b85-e61f-4fa2-8cab-fa4026b205c5","card-added-at":1714030594529,"status":"draft","id":"1b39bb1f-511b-41f8-8df3-ae3b58eec492","content-id":"1b39bb1f-511b-41f8-8df3-ae3b58eec492","version":1,"metadata":{"external-id":"new-0.18115900557172504","social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Pay attention to what\u2019s happening with the Loss & Damage Fund","message":null,"image":{"key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-10-27/0.59457700_1698397057_data-card_cop264.jpg","url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-10-27/0.59457700_1698397057_data-card_cop264.jpg","attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":null,"metadata":null}}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/pay-attention-to-what-s-happening-with-the-loss-damage-fund-92503","story-version-id":"2bfdb23f-a02f-487a-9739-f2c8f1c02b2b","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1714030594636,"author-id":1940101,"owner-id":1940101,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"last-updated-by":{"member-name":"migrator","member-id":1940101},"first-published-at":1698370747000,"hero-image-caption":"Photo: iStock","version":2,"story-template":"blog","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1714030594464,"authors":[{"slug":"tamanna-sengupta","social":{},"name":"Tamanna Sengupta","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.42213100_1694421698_traditional-(1).png","bio":"Former Programme Officer, Climate Change, CSE.","id":1944572,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"hero-image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-10-27/0.13653600_1698391193_istock-155003874.jpg","publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"migrator"}},{"id":"f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["Methane: Can COP28 advance reduction efforts, international cooperation on the greenhouse gas?"]},"story":{"updated-at":1713961540785,"seo":{"meta-title":"Methane: Can COP28 advance reduction efforts, international cooperation on the greenhouse gas?","meta-description":"The world needs to take more ambitious action to reduce methane emissions if it has any chance of staying within the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit ","meta-keywords":["Climate Change","cop28","Methane","methane emissions"],"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940101,"author-name":"migrator","tags":[{"id":9594160,"name":"India","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"india","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9594600,"name":"Methane","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"methane","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595327,"name":"cop28","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop28","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9599845,"name":"Methane emissions","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"methane-emissions","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"Methane: Can COP28 advance reduction efforts, international cooperation on the greenhouse gas?","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c","slug":"climate-change/methane-can-cop28-advance-reduction-efforts-international-cooperation-on-the-greenhouse-gas--93041","last-published-at":1710829270000,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The world needs to take more ambitious action to reduce methane emissions if it has any chance of staying within the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C warming limit;","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":8,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1713780218841,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"migrator","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":null,"comments":null,"word-count":1829,"entities":{},"published-at":1710829270000,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":"93041","canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c","hero-image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1713780218841,"page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/f2270d2e-f17b-4235-be6e-d6b07f38a36d","type":"image","family-id":"e79418fb-faa2-435a-b6b1-a6bea4ad4aff","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"f2270d2e-f17b-4235-be6e-d6b07f38a36d","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/7fe4829b-904e-44db-bcbd-59f636ce4a8c","type":"text","family-id":"8eb08a87-169e-4621-92b3-cdf78cc815e8","title":"","id":"7fe4829b-904e-44db-bcbd-59f636ce4a8c","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Methane, the second most abundant greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, has significantly contributed to the planet\u2019s warming since 1750. Its emissions have contributed about a quarter of the cumulative warming, translating to 0.5\u00B0C of global temperature increase, compared to carbon dioxide (CO2)\u2019s contribution of 0.8\u00B0C. According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), every million tonnes of methane emitted results in the loss of roughly 300 million hours of work and 145 kilotonnes of crop globally. Global emissions of methane in 2019 stood at 11,000 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/1120f209-37d3-4b85-9c1c-082c24c7a042","type":"text","family-id":"a87d62c2-af20-4707-ba43-d072acb1bfa5","title":"","id":"1120f209-37d3-4b85-9c1c-082c24c7a042","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Sixth Assessment Report, calls for a 34 per cent methane reduction by 2030 compared to 2019 levels to ensure that the world has a fighting chance of staying within the Paris Agreement\u2019s 1.5\u00B0C warming limit. This is achievable due to methane\u2019s short atmospheric lifetime (12-15 years, compared to 150-200 years of CO2) and high global warming potential (28 times that of CO2).
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/acb5a672-33de-4b26-a599-821b43228631","type":"text","family-id":"8a3a48b4-ee75-4835-98a8-f97051d1275d","title":"","id":"acb5a672-33de-4b26-a599-821b43228631","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Motivated by scientific warnings, countries united under the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework in Glasgow in 2021. This voluntary agreement aims to collectively reduce global methane emissions by at least 30 per cent from 2020 levels by 2030, a target that could avert over 0.2\u00B0C of warming by 2050. Spearheaded by the US and the EU, so far 149 countries have signed GMP, without which global methane emis-sions would rise by 13 per cent by 2030, according to US presidential climate envoy John Kerry.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/0aea8e15-81f0-4984-9ef6-8112e6c78775","type":"text","family-id":"33395626-ca89-44e0-8513-ede0fb060bee","title":"","id":"0aea8e15-81f0-4984-9ef6-8112e6c78775","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"While GMP and scientific warnings have spurred discussions on methane reduction strategies, translating these discussions into concrete domestic policies and actions remains a challenge. To gauge the headway made in curbing me-thane emissions, Down To Earth (DTE) evaluated the pledges and domestic policies of the EU and 15 nations, which in 2022 collectively discharged 68 per cent of the global methane emissions. Of these, 12 have signed GMP and nine have mentioned methane in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement of 2015. The analysis shows that the ongoing discussions and commitments around methane reduction are encouraging, but the need for comprehensive action remains urgent.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/72c53a76-b54e-467f-b701-54a686d43ecc","type":"text","family-id":"b943f160-c7a7-4e1a-a2bf-cef779302b3d","title":"","id":"72c53a76-b54e-467f-b701-54a686d43ecc","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Since US President Joe Biden declared methane mitigation a \u201Cclimate game changer\u201D at COP27, the US has taken significant strides to address the potent greenhouse gas (GHG). The country has implemented the Inflation Reduction Act last year that provides incentives for methane mitigation and imposes a tax on the oil and gas sector for their methane emis-sions. The US has also rolled out the Super-Emitter Response Program that mandates oil and gas operators to respond to credible third-party reports of high-volume methane leaks. The US has also committed to share methane-abatement technologies with international partners such as Nigeria, Canada and Mexico. This March, the country allocated nearly US $47 million to support 22 research projects that are developing methane emission monitoring methods.
"},{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-11-29/0.19291800_1701232741_36-43analysis-6.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1713780218841,"page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/299c8f67-d588-44b2-afb0-a2b89f0e74dc","type":"image","family-id":"6032f9ee-3137-4f7c-a1b7-302859fe525f","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"299c8f67-d588-44b2-afb0-a2b89f0e74dc","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-11-29/0.19291800_1701232741_36-43analysis-6.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null,"link-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/original/2023-11-29/0.19291800_1701232741_36-43analysis-6.jpg"},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/7f368eaf-6d01-4a35-a947-d6ce06fb484c","type":"text","family-id":"82733335-249d-4cb0-a1d4-ae2f4354186e","title":"","id":"7f368eaf-6d01-4a35-a947-d6ce06fb484c","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Seven other major methane-emitting countries\u2014Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and Qatar\u2014have also established national plans or policies. Three more\u2014China, Russia, and the UAE\u2014have recently announced comprehensive domestic action plans.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/c2a35383-6ad8-4d57-8fcf-ba88a21b1464","type":"text","family-id":"98b5341f-af80-4fa4-8d7c-4cee62a828ef","title":"","id":"c2a35383-6ad8-4d57-8fcf-ba88a21b1464","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Though not a signatory to GMP, India has several programmes that incorporate methane emission reduction strategies. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, established to promote climate-resilient practices, is tasked with reducing methane emissions from rice cultivation. Similarly, the National Livestock Mission aims to develop improved bovine breeds that will contribute to methane reductions. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is developing technologies with methane mitigation potential.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/63f7b80f-c3ab-46c5-bbb3-1200ac7cb563","type":"text","family-id":"7b01c8aa-9e8d-4880-a655-c65a086f7efa","title":"","id":"63f7b80f-c3ab-46c5-bbb3-1200ac7cb563","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On November 15, 2023, the EU adopted a new law to curtail methane emissions from its oil and gas imports. The law aims to reduce methane leaks by oil and gas companies operating within the region.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/ba0ee71d-27a3-421d-972e-09e482e77cad","type":"text","family-id":"3e74b9d5-14fa-424a-9fb0-098239390809","title":"","id":"ba0ee71d-27a3-421d-972e-09e482e77cad","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Despite the hype around methane mitigation, only 13 per cent of its emissions are covered by the policies, says a May 2023 study by a team headed by Maria Olczak at the Queen Mary University of London, UK. The researchers add that current policies are also not stringent enough, particularly those directed towards emissions from the fossil fuel sector. This is unfortunate as the world already has readily available solutions to cut methane emissions from the sector. It is also relatively easy to locate and fix methane leaks. \u201CFossil fuel and agricultural industries have opposed new policies as they could raise the cost of production. Other factors include the relative importance of those industries to national economies, energy and food security or rural poverty considerations,\u201D Olczak tells DTE.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/8739b9cc-969f-424d-9bb6-71a19045bdd9","type":"text","family-id":"97c26779-5085-4863-bb06-55c0bd245a2b","title":"","id":"8739b9cc-969f-424d-9bb6-71a19045bdd9","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Three of the 15 countries analysed by DTE do not have methane reduction policies: Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Iran. These three countries collectively account for 7 per cent of global methane emissions.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/75117127-8216-4da4-8114-0b29a6d650c4","type":"text","family-id":"9bc02b16-8f13-47f8-9347-0248da42ac84","title":"","id":"75117127-8216-4da4-8114-0b29a6d650c4","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Indonesia, the seventh largest methane emitter in 2022, remains heavily reliant on coal for energy generation. The country recently announced plans to convert diesel-fuelled power plants to gas-fired power plants, a move that could further increase methane emissions.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/b2bb367c-0407-43cb-a3c8-b540f65899e0","type":"text","family-id":"54010133-989e-4760-8bcf-00ca502b3ec8","title":"","id":"b2bb367c-0407-43cb-a3c8-b540f65899e0","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Saudi Arabia, despite being the world\u2019s leading oil and gas producer, lacks a dedicated methane reduction policy. The country has even been criticised for undermining fossil fuel phaseout language in an IPCC report that was excluded from the formal UN climate negotiations in 2019. Iran also lacks a methane reduction policy and is not a signatory to GMP. Even Iran\u2019s NDC does not mention methane, despite being criticised for climate inaction.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/aadfe889-45ed-49da-a092-3a687ac30dbc","type":"text","family-id":"78747186-e464-453d-a646-3fa0c6a66c37","title":"","id":"aadfe889-45ed-49da-a092-3a687ac30dbc","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Oil and gas is the highest emitting sector for six of the 15 countries DTE analysed. These countries, which include Russia and Saudi Arabia, are often blockers of climate action, particularly on the issue of fossil fuel phaseout, say climate negotiators who wish to remain anonymous.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/a0b6c2fe-c297-489a-824f-1b13cc3ff816","type":"text","family-id":"7da8f8a9-6d3b-4308-ab60-8c048e78af41","title":"","id":"a0b6c2fe-c297-489a-824f-1b13cc3ff816","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Meanwhile, China, the world\u2019s largest methane emitter, unveiled a methane plan in November 2023, but it falls short of expectations by omitting quantifiable emission reduction targets and timelines. The plan essentially outlines China\u2019s intention to enhance methane emission monitoring, reporting and verification, along with a phaseout of gas flaring in the oil and gas sector by 2030. It, however, conspicuously avoids setting targets for the coal sector, a major contributor responsible for nearly half of China\u2019s total methane emissions. To grasp the scale of this omission, consider that China\u2019s coal sector emitted more methane in 2021 (18 million tonnes) than the total methane emissions by the EU.
"},{"description":"","image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.34100000_1701232700_36-43analysis-2.jpg","member-id":1940101,"image-metadata":null,"uploaded-at":1713780218841,"page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/84aff604-4ae3-4ac3-b902-8bac67204b33","type":"image","family-id":"5cc222c8-e763-45ce-beb9-c4d91ea5b5fe","image-attribution":"","title":"","id":"84aff604-4ae3-4ac3-b902-8bac67204b33","alt-text":null,"hyperlink":null,"image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.34100000_1701232700_36-43analysis-2.jpg","metadata":{"original-url":null},"subtype":null},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/d2b859cd-afcf-4cc8-8c95-2424db5c621a","type":"text","family-id":"8aff940c-cb71-4f5a-8652-723517541585","title":"","id":"d2b859cd-afcf-4cc8-8c95-2424db5c621a","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping declared that the country would cap its coal consumption by 2023. In contrast, the country\u2019s reliance on coal intensified in 2022 due to severe droughts that hampered energy generation from hydro-power projects.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/d27f0ad3-e5ab-4d46-99cc-fd8dd67c7590","type":"text","family-id":"f27069d8-2c3c-49ef-b669-1e5018d80c1c","title":"","id":"d27f0ad3-e5ab-4d46-99cc-fd8dd67c7590","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Some countries have also kept unambitious targets to reduce methane emissions. UAE\u2019s NDC sets an upstream methane intensity target\u2014emissions as a percentage of natural gas produced\u2014of 0.15 per cent by 2025. This is less ambitious than what is already achieved by neighbouring Qatar (0.06 per cent) and Saudi Arabia (0.14 per cent), according to a 2023 study by Harvard University researcher Zichong Chen and colleagues. The study estimates that methane leaks in the UAE stood at a staggering 3.3 per cent in 2019, indicating leaky infrastructure combined with deliberate venting or incomplete flaring of gas.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/0c20d9f0-2b2a-4a92-8045-0b74fb9c92ca","type":"text","family-id":"d41b5d32-371f-41a1-a443-d3cec21b7d72","title":"","id":"0c20d9f0-2b2a-4a92-8045-0b74fb9c92ca","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Methane leaks from the oil and gas sector, also known as fugitive emissions, constitute a significant environmental concern. IPCC\u2019s Sixth Assessment Report estimates that these leaks accounted for 5.8 per cent of GHG emissions in 2019. A 2023 study published in Environmental Research Letters by Brown University\u2019s Deborah Gordon reveals that even leakage rates as low as 0.2 per cent can render natural gas as harmful to the climate as coal.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/f1de0b2a-f094-456c-9ee2-c81f96b554d7","type":"text","family-id":"639cd146-27a1-4592-a226-2b82d5980c1f","title":"","id":"f1de0b2a-f094-456c-9ee2-c81f96b554d7","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Agriculture, the largest methane contributor in seven of the 15 analysed countries, along with the EU, is also often overlooked in mitigation efforts. The seven countries represent a diverse mix of developing nations with significant agricultural employment, such as India (18 per cent GDP dependence on agriculture), Pakistan (23 per cent) and Brazil (8 per cent), and developed countries like New Zealand, Australia and Mexico, where agriculture contributes less to GDP but harbours industrialised agricultural sectors.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/f9496f70-6d7c-447a-8d23-58b4ebea1a8f","type":"text","family-id":"df9fc017-0fd7-42d1-b537-4a29383b97de","title":"","id":"f9496f70-6d7c-447a-8d23-58b4ebea1a8f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The EU\u2019s latest NDC update proposes expanding its Emissions Trading System to include methane emissions from shipping but excludes agriculture. Livestock emissions are responsible for 71 per cent of New Zealand\u2019s total agricultural emissions. However, agricultural emissions are not yet incorporated into the country\u2019s Emissions Trading Scheme.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/9907fdba-d3da-43d5-8ddb-5b4637bae791","type":"text","family-id":"9bd88369-d029-4761-bf01-db683e87c8ab","title":"","id":"9907fdba-d3da-43d5-8ddb-5b4637bae791","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"New Zealand and Australia have among the highest per capita methane emissions from agriculture in the dataset, with 0.23 and 0.09 tonnes per capita, respectively. Despite these significant agricultural emissions, they receive less scrutiny compared to the fossil fuel sectors that also emit methane.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/bd536444-c30a-4423-aae4-b4ffed188b05","type":"text","family-id":"5e6ca605-cfad-49d4-9263-c430a3da793a","title":"","id":"bd536444-c30a-4423-aae4-b4ffed188b05","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The lack of mandatory reporting requirements for agricultural emissions in several major emitting countries further exacerbates the issue. Australia exempts agriculture from its National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme, the country\u2019s framework for measuring and reporting GHG emissions, including methane. Similarly, the US Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, despite reporting emissions from various sectors, does not include agricultural emissions, potentially leading to a significant underestimation of methane emissions from the US.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/21e3a639-e564-43c4-bc40-6bbb431033a1","type":"text","family-id":"03a46399-5e2f-4456-8d80-5b212c824e05","title":"","id":"21e3a639-e564-43c4-bc40-6bbb431033a1","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The reporting gap extends beyond agricultural methane emissions. A recent report by The Guardian reveals that the COP28 host, the UAE, has not reported any methane emissions, even though countries are mandated to submit GHG inventories every two years through the Biennial Update Report process since 2014. These gaps in reporting create a lack of transparency and hinder effective mitigation efforts.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/70983cab-7ef4-47a6-af53-7ba862a1806a","type":"text","family-id":"f284e8ea-4eff-4a51-83a4-dd4cc0c7f0b3","title":"","id":"70983cab-7ef4-47a6-af53-7ba862a1806a","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"A February 2023 analysis by the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in Paris, France, found that only a \u201Cfull implementation\u201D of methane reduction actions outlined in 86 per cent of NDCs would achieve a global emissions reduction of 31 per cent. And nationally announced plans often consist of a mix of guiding principles with limited enforcement and potential loopholes, along with occasional regulations. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to assess the overall impact on emissions.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/f4606ac3-e8d3-48bf-aec1-3bf6e6a4a234","type":"text","family-id":"adee54c6-823b-4ed7-9f08-b99be577ae3a","title":"","id":"f4606ac3-e8d3-48bf-aec1-3bf6e6a4a234","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In a notable development ahead of COP28, the US and China announced efforts to collaborate on climate action through the Sunnylands Statement on Enhancing Cooperation to Address the Climate Crisis. This statement includes a commitment to address methane emissions, with both nations pledging to implement their national methane action plans, develop methane reduction targets for their 2035 NDCs, and co-host a Methane Summit at COP28.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/6c325bcf-4e0a-4523-b02f-ffda81b63a1f","type":"text","family-id":"8b1d0e26-ff62-41d9-906f-80cc396eade3","title":"","id":"6c325bcf-4e0a-4523-b02f-ffda81b63a1f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Furthermore, the US and UAE have spearheaded efforts to raise funds for methane reductions. The UAE COP Presidency has proposed a fund to support methane mitigation in the oil and gas sector, while the US initiated the Methane Finance Sprint in April 2023, aiming to raise at least $200 million in new public and philanthropic donor support for developing countries to tackle methane emissions. The US has recently expressed confidence that this goal will be exceeded at COP28.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/c3015a00-054a-4e29-b447-93ad3a79bea1","type":"text","family-id":"e5bcf8b9-10a7-4468-a114-0f02dfeffd8d","title":"","id":"c3015a00-054a-4e29-b447-93ad3a79bea1","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"These developments highlight the growing recognition of methane\u2019s significant climate impact and the urgent need for concerted action to address it. The stage is set for COP28 to provide a platform for advancing methane reduction efforts and strengthening international cooperation on the issue.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/f64e7032-60ee-42e4-abc8-8fea06103f4c/element/e58a89cb-8479-4c67-a241-3ddfc284cb21","type":"text","family-id":"19175b5f-2281-422c-aca9-a8fc7fcc89cb","title":"","id":"e58a89cb-8479-4c67-a241-3ddfc284cb21","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"This was first published in the 1-15 December, 2023 print edition of Down To Earth
"}],"card-updated-at":1713961540872,"content-version-id":"fe6247ee-d2b8-4fda-b28e-29586852be08","card-added-at":1713961540872,"status":"draft","id":"fd88d5ea-5114-483a-a9fb-97b664f4203f","content-id":"fd88d5ea-5114-483a-a9fb-97b664f4203f","version":1,"metadata":{"external-id":"new-0.3584303934127926","social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Methane: Can COP28 advance reduction efforts, international cooperation on the greenhouse gas?","message":null,"image":{"key":"down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/medium/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","attribution":"","caption":null,"alt-text":null,"metadata":null}}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/methane-can-cop28-advance-reduction-efforts-international-cooperation-on-the-greenhouse-gas--93041","story-version-id":"cd9fa390-3b62-4b5d-8244-4e7db4b363aa","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1713961540971,"author-id":1940101,"owner-id":1940101,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"last-updated-by":{"member-name":"migrator","member-id":1940101},"first-published-at":1701211928000,"hero-image-caption":"Ilustration: Yogendra Anand ","version":2,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1713961540785,"authors":[{"slug":"avantika-goswami","social":{},"name":"Avantika Goswami","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.32185300_1599814512_avantika.jpeg","bio":"Programme Manager, Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi","id":1940431,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"tamanna-sengupta","social":{},"name":"Tamanna Sengupta","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.42213100_1694421698_traditional-(1).png","bio":"Former Programme Officer, Climate Change, CSE.","id":1944572,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null},{"slug":"khushboo-pareek","social":{},"name":"Khushboo Pareek","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.74032500_1693133419_khushboo.jpg","bio":"Intern with the Climate Change Programme at CSE; MSc student in Environmental Governance at the University of Freiburg, Germany","id":1940189,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"hero-image-url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-11-29/0.86155800_1701232673_p05dlpix01-bubbles.jpg","publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"migrator"}},{"id":"952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c","score":null,"type":"story","item":{"headline":["COP28 Diary (December 9): Baku to host COP29; Africa wants robust GGA"]},"story":{"updated-at":1713961534186,"seo":{"meta-title":"COP28 Diary (December 9): Baku to host COP29; Africa wants robust GGA","meta-description":"The Netherlands heads a joint ministerial statement on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies; massive global build-out of liquified natural gas flagged","meta-keywords":["Climate Change","cop28","sultan al jaber","dubai","global stock take","global goal on adaptation"],"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":1940101,"author-name":"migrator","tags":[{"id":9594165,"name":"World","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"world","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9595327,"name":"cop28","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"cop28","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9596133,"name":"dubai","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"dubai","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9606624,"name":"global goal on adaptation","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-goal-on-adaptation","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9681442,"name":"sultan al jaber","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"sultan-al-jaber","tag-type":"Tag"},{"id":9714417,"name":"global stock take","meta-description":null,"meta-title":null,"slug":"global-stock-take","tag-type":"Tag"}],"headline":"COP28 Diary (December 9): Baku to host COP29; Africa wants robust GGA","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c","slug":"climate-change/cop28-diary-december-9-baku-to-host-cop29-africa-wants-robust-gga-93292","last-published-at":1710829270000,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The Netherlands heads a joint ministerial statement on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies;;massive global build-out of liquified natural gas flagged","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":6,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1713780198883,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"migrator","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":null,"comments":null,"word-count":1537,"entities":{},"published-at":1710829270000,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":"93292","canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c","hero-image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-12-10/0.48589700_1702195230_netherlands.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/3e3bb1ec-791b-4033-80fd-9df77efe9a06","type":"text","family-id":"5a1c4c38-70c2-4901-bfd0-349e2cc6e120","title":"","id":"3e3bb1ec-791b-4033-80fd-9df77efe9a06","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), began November 30, 2023. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the tenth day of COP28.\u00A0\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/92bb70d3-8daa-4d40-b427-61cc40c64356","type":"text","family-id":"c000278c-6448-420f-9bf9-67f0044d964c","title":"","id":"92bb70d3-8daa-4d40-b427-61cc40c64356","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"COP28 President Sultan Al Jaber\u00A0stated at the COP28 presidency plenary event that there were more \u201Careas of divergence than convergence\u201D in all negotiation tracks. He added that ministers would continue with their consultations on December 10.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/43f52bd2-7249-4f59-adcb-a2c9efee8425","type":"text","family-id":"7580f49a-d86b-480c-8bc2-ffc385d6a0fa","title":"","id":"43f52bd2-7249-4f59-adcb-a2c9efee8425","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"For mitigation, the major divergence was language around fossil fuel phaseout / phasedown and abatement technologies. There was also divergence on the difference between the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities\u00A0(CBDR-RC) and the term \u201Cequitable transition\u201D and division of the remaining carbon budget.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/2368d0d4-6678-4468-8617-5d48ff847b99","type":"text","family-id":"c74515cc-144e-49d9-9de3-d0c58e40ee80","title":"","id":"2368d0d4-6678-4468-8617-5d48ff847b99","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Presidency will hold a consultation\u00A0regarding the textual proposals on\u00A0all negotiation tracks of the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), Global Stocktake (GST), mitigation and finance among others at 3 pm on December 10. It will\u00A0then work on the text overnight to produce final texts on December 11 for consultations and adoption.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/d0d744f7-7df5-4439-8b8d-b2b34c33b2d0","type":"text","family-id":"8baf37cb-d368-442a-968c-22d9d6cfae37","title":"","id":"d0d744f7-7df5-4439-8b8d-b2b34c33b2d0","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Japan made a country intervention on the need for the operationalisation of Article 6 to create financial resources\u00A0so that\u00A0the world can be kept on track to achieve the 1.5\u00B0C Paris target.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/47ec2d6d-43a6-4d6d-9f49-229b0e3f3969","type":"text","family-id":"c6c7c6a0-71b9-45ee-b171-b00ad92e3c6a","title":"","id":"47ec2d6d-43a6-4d6d-9f49-229b0e3f3969","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Collins Nzovu, Zambian MP and Minister of Green Economy and Environment as well as chair of the African Group of Negotiators, stated at a press conference on December 9 that without a robust outcome of the GGA, including on adaptation finance, COP28 would fail.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/9b85a54b-3a6f-4c3f-ab0b-a0bb1627a50e","type":"text","family-id":"0d903d5e-5152-45d1-a181-c55fd7e6b678","title":"","id":"9b85a54b-3a6f-4c3f-ab0b-a0bb1627a50e","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"He was also disappointed at the slow progress of negotiations around the scale of adaptation finance needed by developing countries, especially in Africa, to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/ba880c92-f659-44f0-94a0-35fe558095d6","type":"text","family-id":"955dbf75-d1b4-40d9-b3eb-b8395e420bba","title":"","id":"ba880c92-f659-44f0-94a0-35fe558095d6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"He stated that it was a matter of life and death for the African continent. The draft text for GGA will be out on December 10 for the COP presidency to work on it overnight and present the final text on December 11.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/a7e4b542-6715-4640-9d7e-6f7537db44d7","type":"text","family-id":"537a33b5-50fa-4e77-94cd-9c646f257a48","title":"","id":"a7e4b542-6715-4640-9d7e-6f7537db44d7","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Late night discussions on the new version of the decision text saw dissatisfaction with the progress among Parties and disappointment expressed by various groups over the text. \u200B\u200BThere were mentions of the need for balance across Article 6 and the challenges faced in reaching a consensus.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/73b3a921-da15-4963-a145-27e942043d29","type":"text","family-id":"88f06a0d-2637-488f-83b4-cd1067f27b99","title":"","id":"73b3a921-da15-4963-a145-27e942043d29","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The African Group and the European Union (EU) stressed on the need for more transparency in the market. Similarly, the Coalition for Rainforest Nations asked for stronger rules and definitions that do not compromise integrity.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/6c880e87-d565-4b7b-91cb-362b2e70077f","type":"text","family-id":"b7afd500-4a5f-4b1f-bea0-5dc73a8180ff","title":"","id":"6c880e87-d565-4b7b-91cb-362b2e70077f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The United States (US), on the other hand, seeks lesser rules and more provisions to be nationally determined, including the authorisation process. The Agreed Electronic Format has not been adopted and parties expressed disappointment over it as well.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/dff853a0-461c-495e-91a5-b09a7e3c2d3e","type":"text","family-id":"3f4679e3-c42a-4f40-91b4-cc1386a452ca","title":"","id":"dff853a0-461c-495e-91a5-b09a7e3c2d3e","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"A new draft text on Article 6.4\u00A0\u2014 which will create a global carbon market for emission reduction or CO2 removal projects\u00A0\u2014 was released on December 9.\u00A0 It presents two options.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/365241bd-68e8-4157-aa6a-9ef94fa6a6c6","type":"text","family-id":"6e4c538d-d739-47c6-83fe-1cebba796a34","title":"","id":"365241bd-68e8-4157-aa6a-9ef94fa6a6c6","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The first option accepts the recommendations provided by the Supervisory Body, a 12-member team tasked with overseeing the mechanism. Under the same option, Parties asked the supervisory body to reconsider a highly flawed item called \u2018tonne-year\u2019 accounting for nature-based removals. It is a method that considers storing 1 tonne for 100 years as a carbon credit, but also storing 100 tonnes for 1 year, or 10 tonnes for 10 years as the same.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/32864cb7-e59a-4a39-95aa-86969446d1d5","type":"text","family-id":"8efe856a-0c4a-4066-881a-b9b3f679c569","title":"","id":"32864cb7-e59a-4a39-95aa-86969446d1d5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The other option called for adding a moratorium on the functioning of markets. To analyse the suspension of the moratorium, it suggested that the\u00A0Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u00A0will have to submit a report assessing the carbon market\u2019s contribution to the stabilisation of the climate system every three years.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/a27824c8-789c-441b-b5c6-c2978ae68d46","type":"text","family-id":"85612007-0153-4d59-9c42-b7ba40684160","title":"","id":"a27824c8-789c-441b-b5c6-c2978ae68d46","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In a letter sent to Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)\u2019s member countries, OPEC Secretary General Haitham Al Ghais responded to momentum at COP28 on fossil fuel phaseout language by urging the group to \u201Cproactively reject any text or formula that targets energy i.e. fossil fuels rather than emissions\u201D. The language has been inserted in the third draft of the GST\u00A0text with options.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/ea4c53c8-020b-445f-a060-29a15a120352","type":"text","family-id":"73a8dce5-9e79-49a1-91f1-919d037250c4","title":"","id":"ea4c53c8-020b-445f-a060-29a15a120352","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Azerbaijan\u00A0has been announced as the host country of the next COP summit in 2024\u00A0\u2014 COP 29\u00A0\u2014 with the capital city of Baku set to host the talks at the end of next year. The announcement came after Armenia stepped down from the process of bidding to be the host. Disagreements had abounded between Russia and Eastern European countries due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and Russia indicated no objection to Azerbaijan hosting the summit.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/37dbce77-ce50-408f-a7cb-4e82d9ba0e0f","type":"text","family-id":"57f75fa6-a638-4351-85be-b7be75961c8d","title":"","id":"37dbce77-ce50-408f-a7cb-4e82d9ba0e0f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"There have been no open door consultations since December 8. It has been overheard that another negotiation will take place on December 10 before moving into a final iteration of the text on December 11.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/14322828-ee8f-47b0-a273-f58656435565","type":"text","family-id":"d6c9e58b-7adf-4156-a37b-767f90ad078e","title":"","id":"14322828-ee8f-47b0-a273-f58656435565","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Netherlands headed a joint ministerial statement on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies. Canada, France, Austria, Belgium, Antigua & Barbuda and Finland are among signatories of the coalition.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/5c9ac929-eea2-423f-a87e-2b954a1c57b9","type":"text","family-id":"26372a70-5fb0-4498-9a08-5b5948fd8a11","title":"","id":"5c9ac929-eea2-423f-a87e-2b954a1c57b9","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Dutch highlighted the lack of transparency and inaction during previous COPs on the matter, urging all parties to scale up efforts. The joint ministerial addresses lack of a clear methodology and international cooperation as key barriers to the implementation. Fossil fuel subsidies are heavily reliant on public money. Global fossil fuel subsidies rose to $7 trillion in 2022 according to the International Monetary Fund.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/4374fd56-ca52-4495-ac3c-3915698b835f","type":"text","family-id":"6532833e-37e6-4d22-8459-daa305fa0960","title":"","id":"4374fd56-ca52-4495-ac3c-3915698b835f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The ministerial aims to follow threefold actions to move away from inefficient fossil fuels\u00A0\u2014 transparency including publishing inventories by countries; international agreements to drive bilateral and multilateral cooperation; and international dialogue to share lessons learned and phasing out strategies.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/49410e2b-5d47-47a0-b206-52095a78f580","type":"text","family-id":"2498bd3f-00d8-4b3b-a0ba-bd4df41f5e4d","title":"","id":"49410e2b-5d47-47a0-b206-52095a78f580","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Signatory countries also noted the key role of developing carbon markets to price carbon along with phasing out subsidies to realise the Paris goal.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/cc4e29ba-dcc8-4459-aafe-9b24381527a3","type":"text","family-id":"891ce2a0-9176-473e-b6e4-2e8dc25355be","title":"","id":"cc4e29ba-dcc8-4459-aafe-9b24381527a3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The environmental and human rights organisation Urgewald (Germany), the Port Arthur Community Action Network (US) and the Centre for Energy, Ecology and Development or CEED (the Philippines) addressed a press briefing at COP28 on the massive global build-out of liquified natural gas (LNG) in North America and South East Asia.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/6434b14b-efdb-4be1-8871-f2c1b9c6d10f","type":"text","family-id":"e80a5447-1dbe-4cbd-b453-500e400e9450","title":"","id":"6434b14b-efdb-4be1-8871-f2c1b9c6d10f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"According to Urgewald\u2019s Global Oil and Gas Exit List (GOGEL), oil and gas companies plan to increase global LNG export capacity by 162 per cent. This equals 729 million tonnes of liquefaction capacity annually.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/e800f47c-425e-4234-a7a1-f893a21403b1","type":"text","family-id":"2c4b6c6b-b0bf-4150-b452-cee84c25c300","title":"","id":"e800f47c-425e-4234-a7a1-f893a21403b1","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The US Gulf coast is set to become the world\u2019s largest LNG export hub, with 21 new facilities in planning. In total, these account for 41 per cent of the global LNG export expansion listed on GOGEL.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/b2a74e5a-935b-425d-9328-ea8fa332da5c","type":"text","family-id":"3db870e3-9715-424d-a02c-c27f6dac03a7","title":"","id":"b2a74e5a-935b-425d-9328-ea8fa332da5c","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Simultaneously, Southeast Asia is forging ahead to establish the world\u2019s largest import hub, with the Philippines at the forefront of this development. Plans in the Philippines include 12 LNG import facilities and 40 GW of gas fired power situated in some of the world\u2019s most biodiverse ecosystems.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/3e2a4fdc-74e7-43e9-868a-a679b14f8827","type":"text","family-id":"bfaabcbd-8bb3-43a1-921e-7f4f0baa0007","title":"","id":"3e2a4fdc-74e7-43e9-868a-a679b14f8827","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On December 9, an informal consultation for continued discussion on the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance was held.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/b1301671-52b0-4bb5-855f-bcdf2152603d","type":"text","family-id":"fcd22c35-3231-412a-95fa-64e441d75387","title":"","id":"b1301671-52b0-4bb5-855f-bcdf2152603d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Parties had requested the previous day to allocate time for discussing substantive elements of the goal (including time frame, transparency, structure), as the first week primarily focused on determining the work modality for 2024.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/8c16a92d-eeb0-4554-9965-3a9535f4cc47","type":"text","family-id":"97cd0750-7eba-478b-97a6-1ddb8e15c47a","title":"","id":"8c16a92d-eeb0-4554-9965-3a9535f4cc47","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In the process for next year, there is broad agreement on conducting three meetings under the ad hoc work programme for NCQG. Norway pointed out that the text needs to clarify whether these meetings refer to the Technical Expert Dialogues or are something separate. South Africa, on behalf of the African Group, suggested there was no need to decide the exact number of meetings and to leave such details to the co-chairs.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/8f88b37b-e187-406a-afe6-86fbac89c566","type":"text","family-id":"8575f11b-e967-4891-b35b-2e93b92daea5","title":"","id":"8f88b37b-e187-406a-afe6-86fbac89c566","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In substantive elements, on structure, the EU said they cannot accept any language which includes Loss and Damage next to mitigation and adaptation for finance in NCQG text, a demand that has been made by several developing countries in the past.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/8c7b2e35-67a6-4770-a496-36ef62a782b8","type":"text","family-id":"4ba89bbb-5bef-4a6c-9f68-4ce53586b776","title":"","id":"8c7b2e35-67a6-4770-a496-36ef62a782b8","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"South Africa on behalf of the African Group said that overall they were \u201Cnot satisfied at all\u201D with how their views were reflected in the draft text.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/2c13a391-c314-455d-9826-ea812012b8f0","type":"text","family-id":"35a07f5a-e38c-40e3-b5cd-449ed103b7bd","title":"","id":"2c13a391-c314-455d-9826-ea812012b8f0","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Saudi Arabia on behalf of the Arab Group said they are \u201Cstrongly against having substantive elements in this decision in CMA 5,\u201D even though they were among the chief proponents of having discussions on substantive elements the previous day.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/e70c7101-6dd4-4abf-9d55-fac5c92c6f08","type":"text","family-id":"f45f2c39-21e1-4d79-8e6e-b35089b5dcb6","title":"","id":"e70c7101-6dd4-4abf-9d55-fac5c92c6f08","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"They said this stance is due to the lack of sufficient time to really discuss nuances of options related to each element. But they provided comments on substantive issues nonetheless, including on timeframes.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/e8113a2f-86b4-4ab7-9598-e327c2ea6613","type":"text","family-id":"c5a2c3be-c83b-45be-87bf-2d0e2bbea2c1","title":"","id":"e8113a2f-86b4-4ab7-9598-e327c2ea6613","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On this, they said they support a short period of five years (linking the NCQG to GST, NDCs cycle, etc.) which could be reviewed and extended as per requirement for five years after. They further\u00A0added they did not see options reflecting developing country needs on this front.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/35985a26-2b25-4408-a009-c6bb1a7914a9","type":"text","family-id":"64ea199c-c70c-4f96-b710-6d9e216697ad","title":"","id":"35985a26-2b25-4408-a009-c6bb1a7914a9","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Other developing countries have, in the past week, been vocal in their support for shorter timeframes as well.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/333ad7e5-ab57-4b69-a3fc-beff2c0f0031","type":"text","family-id":"e6008efe-b82e-4a47-b4c9-1e8476f6435f","title":"","id":"333ad7e5-ab57-4b69-a3fc-beff2c0f0031","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The co-chairs noted the point of lack of sufficient time to discuss all nuances of substantive elements and requested countries to submit in writing the options they wanted to see included that had been missed so far.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/952b43d8-311b-4fbe-adf6-96b52dd3562c/element/f2eea77e-d7f8-4168-9712-c2d90b44adc1","type":"text","family-id":"41ea8c07-7fbd-43ec-9244-79f084d17bf0","title":"","id":"f2eea77e-d7f8-4168-9712-c2d90b44adc1","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"As on the afternoon of December 9, the discussions on NCQG have likely shifted to \u2018inf inf\u2019 settings, where delegates converse informally and non-Party stakeholders such as Observers are not allowed. Whether the changes that are made to the text after these conversations bring the Parties closer to a concrete way forward in less than four days time remains to be seen.\u00A0
"}],"card-updated-at":1713961534261,"content-version-id":"8a1b4a89-b6e3-4833-bda9-0c817cdef954","card-added-at":1713961534261,"status":"draft","id":"5c1cba44-2ee6-4617-837b-0f004f7cd819","content-id":"5c1cba44-2ee6-4617-837b-0f004f7cd819","version":1,"metadata":{"external-id":"new-0.7096025456235246","social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"COP28 Diary (December 9): Baku to host COP29; Africa wants robust GGA","message":null,"image":{"key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-12-10/0.48589700_1702195230_netherlands.jpg","url":"https://images.assettype.com/down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-12-10/0.48589700_1702195230_netherlands.jpg","attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":"At COP28, the Netherlands launched an international coalition to phase out fossil subsidies. Countries that have joined the coalition are Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain. Photo: @DutchMFA / X","metadata":null}}}}],"url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/cop28-diary-december-9-baku-to-host-cop29-africa-wants-robust-gga-93292","story-version-id":"8b972f41-384e-4727-afb9-6cbe4a99ea34","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1713961534407,"author-id":1940101,"owner-id":1940101,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"last-updated-by":{"member-name":"migrator","member-id":1940101},"first-published-at":1702174301000,"hero-image-caption":"At COP28, the Netherlands launched an international coalition to phase out fossil subsidies. Countries that have joined the coalition are Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain. 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Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the first day of COP28.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/78b71203-f54a-4012-8f79-ff322ec49cf3","type":"text","family-id":"6da92a9c-5396-4bfe-8026-c43c6319dfc3","title":"","id":"78b71203-f54a-4012-8f79-ff322ec49cf3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The first day of COP28 went unexpectedly without much fuss, ending in a major accomplishment for the COP28 presidency. The Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) was finally operationalised on the first day of the climate conference without any major changes in text from the recommendations of the Transitional Committee (TC) to the COP28 presidency. The text was uploaded with minor changes on the night of November 29. The TC was set up to operationalise the LDF by the decision text on LDF at COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt in 2022. It met over five meetings in 2023 to come up with the recommendations for the COP28.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/366defe3-3fca-46e8-8d7c-c24b668561d3","type":"text","family-id":"b6d27f1f-42cf-4a3f-aa2e-5fe32da39582","title":"","id":"366defe3-3fca-46e8-8d7c-c24b668561d3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The fifth TC meeting ended with a broad consensus to set up the LDF with the World Bank as its interim host for four years. The hosting of the LDF by the World Bank came with conditions put forth by the developing countries on the bank. The conditions included nationally routed direct access to the LDF for vulnerable communities facing losses and damages from extreme weather events which are increasing in intensity and frequency as a result of global warming.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/726d6683-2dd9-4bd8-8787-1008b62c77ff","type":"text","family-id":"1c64d3e8-acb1-4f01-a5e9-60202444331f","title":"","id":"726d6683-2dd9-4bd8-8787-1008b62c77ff","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The conditions also included the clause that the policies of the board of the LDF would supersede the policies of the World Bank if such a situation arose. The LDF can also be accessed by countries which are not members of the World Bank without resorting to waivers. There are also clauses in the text which would lead to the exit of the World Bank as the host of the LDF in case the conditions are not acceptable to the bank or it fails to meet the conditions in the next three years.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/9f4ca112-4892-4a5f-81c4-f95cbd2be5dc","type":"text","family-id":"e2c735bb-3005-4ff6-8833-d0da94a95926","title":"","id":"9f4ca112-4892-4a5f-81c4-f95cbd2be5dc","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"After this period, there would be a re-evaluation and it would be ascertained if the World Bank is a good fit for the LDF. In all these cases, the LDF would be set up as an independent entity and a new host country would be chosen. After the adoption, Sultan Al Jaber, the COP28 president called on various countries who wanted to contribute to the newly operationalised LDF and many developed countries came forward with contributions to the fund. The major contribution came from the European Union with $245 million, with the total coming up to almost $550 million.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/d92f7216-1048-4763-a403-5a9018a7a744","type":"text","family-id":"da7ad576-9325-47b6-a514-14d213caa49d","title":"","id":"d92f7216-1048-4763-a403-5a9018a7a744","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Though the amount of $550 million is good to start up the LDF on its first day, it is far short of the billions of dollars required to actually address the loss and damage needs of vulnerable communities in developing countries.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/bedd1134-64fb-4aa8-8b7c-9100b187c4e3","type":"text","family-id":"d0cae91f-8ad8-43be-aecc-c345cfc74895","title":"","id":"bedd1134-64fb-4aa8-8b7c-9100b187c4e3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In his opening speech, COP28 President Sultan Al Jaber acknowledged the growing number of oil and gas companies pledging to cut methane emissions for the first time. The Presidency engaged proactively with the fossil fuel industry and is engaging with other high emitting sectors as well, he said.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/b6631287-e79c-405c-8e3d-afbac0faccc1","type":"text","family-id":"f7d13bcc-0590-4415-b089-6de0c0072bfd","title":"","id":"b6631287-e79c-405c-8e3d-afbac0faccc1","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Before the LDF was adopted, the adoption of agenda for the conference in the opening plenary of the COP 28 was carried out without any major disruptions. The possible disruptions were ironed out by the COP28 presidency the previous day in a heads of delegations meeting.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/29f45c8d-ff71-410d-84b0-f8a491c19d58","type":"text","family-id":"259487aa-4228-4620-8b2e-a1b752ccff85","title":"","id":"29f45c8d-ff71-410d-84b0-f8a491c19d58","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Presidency was able to convince Parties who had included some agenda items for COP28 which could have become contentious. This included the negotiations on Article 2.1 (c) of the 2015 Paris Agreement which deals with \u201Cmaking finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-resilient development.\u201D
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/be53ef0d-0d5e-4398-b4df-fe27990cd68d","type":"text","family-id":"b4438d9e-f233-4c60-a2a5-5dbe921f0c21","title":"","id":"be53ef0d-0d5e-4398-b4df-fe27990cd68d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Many other contentious amendments such as brought forth by Brazil on behalf of the BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) countries on the carbon border taxes proposed by the European Union were removed from the agenda. This ensured a smooth opening plenary.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/bd94df9d-ab36-434e-91a8-db0ab281e400","type":"text","family-id":"a88c8aa7-1839-4a97-98b6-373a8ab55df0","title":"","id":"bd94df9d-ab36-434e-91a8-db0ab281e400","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Eighth Technical Expert Dialogue on the new climate finance goal was completed on November 28, 2023. The main agenda for this meeting was assessing the progress of the technical dialogues on climate finance so far, and identifying key areas of focus for the coming year.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/ef582aaa-0eb0-4234-8d02-582da31f6577","type":"text","family-id":"89d5d57b-2e0a-42b7-9cbe-fd200c72e02b","title":"","id":"ef582aaa-0eb0-4234-8d02-582da31f6577","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The need to ensure an outcome on the decision is reached by 2024 was highlighted. For the same, the need to fast-track engagement with ministers for translating technical aspects into political ones, build on lessons from the $ 100 billion finance goal as well as the Loss and Damage Fund TC meetings were emphasised.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/656fd566-4bfc-4982-b02e-6fd6286f03d8/element/7a977dfa-9199-4409-b80f-fae5bc4dff58","type":"text","family-id":"c3e01956-d0f8-4184-9036-d47438ed865e","title":"","id":"7a977dfa-9199-4409-b80f-fae5bc4dff58","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The High Level Ministerial Dialogue on NCQG is to be held on December 3 at COP28. (Detailed reporting in this article)
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118 countries commit to tripling renewable and double energy efficiency by 2030","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"climate-change","name":"Climate Change","section-url":"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change","id":72900,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Climate Change","collection":{"slug":"climate","name":"Climate","id":176097},"data":null}],"story-audio":{"s3-key":null},"read-time":5,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1713780211729,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"migrator","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":5984,"hero-image-metadata":null,"comments":null,"word-count":1161,"entities":{},"published-at":1710829270000,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":"93136","canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd","hero-image-s3-key":"down-to-earth/import/library/large/2023-12-03/0.59083100_1701592666_france-3123.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/70720da7-c0db-4b5a-a553-baa60d90d1aa","type":"text","family-id":"fedd2efa-c0f1-44a3-b6a0-a966eebd9d8c","title":"","id":"70720da7-c0db-4b5a-a553-baa60d90d1aa","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), began November 30, 2023. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the third day of COP28.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/7893553a-cc64-4a72-a62e-51deceeb4622","type":"text","family-id":"76d576fb-be86-405d-bbb5-87edbdb1e6ea","title":"","id":"7893553a-cc64-4a72-a62e-51deceeb4622","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"France would completely phase out coal by 2027, French President Emmanuel Macron announced in a press conference at COP28. Other G7 countries have also agreed on phasing out coal by 2030, he added, urging G20 countries to also agree on it.\u00A0\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/5c4f1344-c1d7-444f-b4e2-c637f1ef6b4b","type":"text","family-id":"932af93f-4bb2-4813-94c2-e206625b1882","title":"","id":"5c4f1344-c1d7-444f-b4e2-c637f1ef6b4b","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"France would double its energy efficiency target and triple its renewable energy capacity by 2030, Macron stated. The country will also triple its nuclear energy capacity by 2050.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/5a619f8a-6332-4947-af4c-5b5b5f813ce3","type":"text","family-id":"5f662ac8-af4c-444e-8ee3-8066b1e2b5f6","title":"","id":"5a619f8a-6332-4947-af4c-5b5b5f813ce3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On Loss and Damage, Macron highlighted the $109 million that France has committed to the L&D Fund and also the 1.2 billion Euros contract with Bangladesh, calling it a \u2018sort of\u2019 a L&D Fund as well. He also called for a complete reform of the Bretton Woods system of international finance, as many countries have been left out of it.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/a6509290-5cbc-4702-b82e-e508a2f35c1f","type":"text","family-id":"a10f0128-5532-4ae0-bcd7-74bc7f9319f0","title":"","id":"a6509290-5cbc-4702-b82e-e508a2f35c1f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Macron highlighted his work alongside Brazilian President Lula da Silva on new mechanisms of international taxation that would bring in money to address climate change impacts and support climate action. He also announced a water and oceans summit in Nice to be held in 2025 along with Kazakhstan.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/a84da2ab-dd93-493e-8916-9d2af213a3f5","type":"text","family-id":"587f1fae-f67b-49d9-a9ef-d953e904301e","title":"","id":"a84da2ab-dd93-493e-8916-9d2af213a3f5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The draft text on the Global Stocktake is still being negotiated, with little agreement from countries on key themes of mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, including finance. L&D and response measures remain to be discussed.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/ae60cddf-e9ae-4371-b225-3d626c9aac2a","type":"text","family-id":"5898a3d5-acdc-4a17-8c78-6bcc7b7109f6","title":"","id":"ae60cddf-e9ae-4371-b225-3d626c9aac2a","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"So far, under the GST, there have been proposals for three new entities: A\u00A0 Work Programme for Article 2.1c, a Technology Implementation Programme and a Capacity Building Fund.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/20029bf6-0977-47a3-b2cf-d9e0e0cf9837","type":"text","family-id":"25302785-1963-4999-8978-adca2e6d7e7e","title":"","id":"20029bf6-0977-47a3-b2cf-d9e0e0cf9837","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"In a summit on methane and other greenhouse gases, COP28 President-Designate Sultan Al Jaber urged nations to commit economy-wide Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) that cover all greenhouse gasses, including methane, by 2035.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/e0d77ede-d3a9-4930-9f6a-a185919c1754","type":"text","family-id":"17e1bb8d-aef5-4d7b-8b9f-e667ef9a02ef","title":"","id":"e0d77ede-d3a9-4930-9f6a-a185919c1754","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Al Jaber noted that the United Arab Emirates has committed to channelling $100 million to the World Bank\u2019s Global Flaring and Methane Reduction Trust Fund, a multi-donor trust fund aiming to end routine gas flaring at oil production sites across the world.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/f3689f6b-eb52-4cd4-8155-a8f263ae1d6f","type":"text","family-id":"ed85f1c2-be45-4b67-9fe3-31ca44954728","title":"","id":"f3689f6b-eb52-4cd4-8155-a8f263ae1d6f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The methane finance sprint, a funding campaign to cut methane emissions in line with the Global Methane Pledge, has mobilised $1 billion in new grant funding. The Global Methane Pledge is an initiative launched at COP26\u00A0 to reduce the 2020 methane levels by 30 per cent by 2030.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/a35fe2f1-cec3-453f-a8ad-13a8ffc56c4f","type":"text","family-id":"a41870d4-b951-4317-b85d-41281f67a454","title":"","id":"a35fe2f1-cec3-453f-a8ad-13a8ffc56c4f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"COP28 presidency, along with the UN Environment Programme and Cool Coalition, launched the Global Cooling Pledge to improve energy efficiency and climate friendly approaches, while also increasing access to sustainable cooling for the most vulnerable.\u00A0More than 50 countries have endorsed the cooling pledge
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/d23e62d0-8b92-42c6-ae61-98f5c8a2dc9f","type":"text","family-id":"2fca1c6d-07ff-4b80-880a-6dbd7c2a96c8","title":"","id":"d23e62d0-8b92-42c6-ae61-98f5c8a2dc9f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The COP28 presidency launched the Global Decarbonisation Accelerator to activate decarbonisation in the industry, energy and transport sectors by facilitating access to policymaking and standards, financing, infrastructure and technology. Al Jaber said it addresses the demand and supply of energy at the same time and aligns more countries and companies to keep 1.5 degrees Celsius within reach.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/0b572ce4-2d2b-42dc-b4ae-1e01af3b1f01","type":"text","family-id":"cb13e922-5a1a-4410-b005-e8a8fdf9964d","title":"","id":"0b572ce4-2d2b-42dc-b4ae-1e01af3b1f01","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Some 118 countries have signed a global pledge to triple renewable and double energy efficiency by 2030. India is believed to have not signed on to this target. Al Jaber said the pledge will help the world transition away from unabated coal.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/f009a846-f256-43a7-8eb9-651ea577ab9d","type":"text","family-id":"e5ef498b-695e-4826-8a81-f11191186a07","title":"","id":"f009a846-f256-43a7-8eb9-651ea577ab9d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Ursula von der Leyen, President of the EU Commission, pledged 2.3 billion Euros over the next two years to support this energy transition.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/48d5845a-5ee2-4326-a505-605b200a9dc4","type":"text","family-id":"832cd57c-95fa-4e72-969b-c6966946937c","title":"","id":"48d5845a-5ee2-4326-a505-605b200a9dc4","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"COP28 presidency, UN Climate Change and Bloomberg philanthropies launched an Industrial Transition Accelerator to speed up decarbonisation across heavy-emitting sectors, including energy, industry, and transportation, and accelerate the delivery of Paris-aligned targets.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/9b56c6f4-30d1-46a4-a408-e13511a7917a","type":"text","family-id":"c16803e6-a754-409b-a1df-83e8be514a39","title":"","id":"9b56c6f4-30d1-46a4-a408-e13511a7917a","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The United States announced a $3 billion pledge to the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Together with pledges from Italy, Switzerland, Portugal and Estonia, it brings the total raised in the latest GCF replenishment round to $12.7 billion.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/767015d8-9f17-423b-bb55-f85851867a88","type":"text","family-id":"8ebaf9ef-1b87-4c1d-b56b-91b7f37e4c4f","title":"","id":"767015d8-9f17-423b-bb55-f85851867a88","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Article 6.2: Draft guidance on cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 was released, taking on topics like the definition of a cooperative approach and authorisation process details. Parties engaged in informal discussions, asking for more time to work on the 33-page-long document and proposing streamlining for more efficient negotiations focused on the minimum guidance necessary for implementing cooperative approaches.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/d8f0ac46-8cf4-4eb8-9c18-27bb9473f84f","type":"text","family-id":"201d44ce-1822-48f8-8ddf-94c1ed679346","title":"","id":"d8f0ac46-8cf4-4eb8-9c18-27bb9473f84f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Article 6.4: Informal consultations took place to discuss supervisory body recommendations on removal activities, methodologies and other matters. Some groups expressed support for the recommendations, while others stressed the necessity for additional work before adoption.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/564428ab-5c74-4f0f-ac63-9c8c9bb921e3","type":"text","family-id":"b9319843-d5f0-40a4-b1d9-73c46a987943","title":"","id":"564428ab-5c74-4f0f-ac63-9c8c9bb921e3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Various groups and countries shared views on the recommendations related to removal activities. Concerns were raised about potential environmental and social impacts, reversals, monitoring periods, and the broad definition of removals.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/ac49cd58-27aa-43b8-a3b3-deff2c597895","type":"text","family-id":"bd3d47b4-bb62-4a9b-ac2d-ddf25e9d4969","title":"","id":"ac49cd58-27aa-43b8-a3b3-deff2c597895","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Some emphasised the need for further work and improvements to ensure environmental integrity, human rights, and a robust carbon market. Informal consultation will continue on December 3.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/209317d2-9468-4efa-bd39-c4de0a9b8d5d","type":"text","family-id":"ef95c6e8-7068-41f3-a74d-22a3c9837261","title":"","id":"209317d2-9468-4efa-bd39-c4de0a9b8d5d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"During the Mitigation Work Programme meeting, China expressed dissatisfaction with the informal note, emphasising the absence of a mandate for its production. Various countries, including the Alliance of Small Island States, Zimbabwe, Colombia, Saudi Arabia and Switzerland, provided input on the global dialogues.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/34431adb-b56b-44b2-95af-03e9bf6d7eed","type":"text","family-id":"87af766a-d7b9-4500-b497-7eab00cf9c36","title":"","id":"34431adb-b56b-44b2-95af-03e9bf6d7eed","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Some parties raised points on how the work programme can ensure no duplication with the Global Stocktake negotiations stream. Informal consultations would continue today.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/474bf58f-87ed-44b9-b385-5c010859f0b4","type":"text","family-id":"754795bd-3638-48e8-a225-a4430dfaf577","title":"","id":"474bf58f-87ed-44b9-b385-5c010859f0b4","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"A pavilion event on operationalising carbon markets for achieving energy Transition goals by the Shakti Foundation saw speakers from Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), research institute The Energy and Resources Institute, think tank Council on Energy, Environment and Water, nonprofit World Resources Institute and green consultant Perspectives Climate Group.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/38e4c66c-1e10-4fd5-b997-dffc41d1c44f","type":"text","family-id":"94bb6f14-affd-45bb-bac7-696411f3a873","title":"","id":"38e4c66c-1e10-4fd5-b997-dffc41d1c44f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Speakers discussed current issues with the voluntary carbon market, India\u2019s role in Article 6.2 and ways in which carbon markets can accelerate finance. CSE presented its new paper Discredited, which focuses on the voluntary carbon market in India.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/e7f2b7f8-d234-4219-b942-89d1051f18c8","type":"text","family-id":"17f6224d-b10b-406e-b0a9-9630da94f5c4","title":"","id":"e7f2b7f8-d234-4219-b942-89d1051f18c8","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Two panel discussions on day two of COP28 brought the focus of finance to the subnational and local levels. Mayors of cities from different countries and representatives of international financial institutions, including multilateral development banks (MDBs) discussed ways to improve climate finance and ambition at the city level.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/8efada03-81b6-48f9-a843-a61ff315cc77","type":"text","family-id":"dd96346b-72f8-42d5-9f34-659a73786a3f","title":"","id":"8efada03-81b6-48f9-a843-a61ff315cc77","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The key points that emerged included:\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/9704639c-1c93-4d22-a9a2-fa2c6ce974fd/element/fad635d7-4df8-4e38-b6ae-4c2709952772","type":"text","family-id":"e50dcdf6-5d3f-4072-8a30-1c94565702e8","title":"","id":"fad635d7-4df8-4e38-b6ae-4c2709952772","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), began November 30, 2023. Here\u2019s a look at what happened on the ninth day of COP28.\u00A0\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/28c98523-90b9-42f7-8e56-32d451822297","type":"text","family-id":"b6381ab7-282e-445a-8a97-10f098cb40d7","title":"","id":"28c98523-90b9-42f7-8e56-32d451822297","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The negotiations on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) were shared with ministerial representatives of countries on December 8. Ministers Jennifer McAllister (Australia) and Maisa Rojas (Chile) have been given the responsibility to coordinate with Parties to streamline the draft text which is quite heavily worded right now.\u00A0They also have to decide upon political issues around the inclusion of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC), adaptation finance gap and financial target under the GGA. New texts were expected on December 9 but may now be pushed to December 11.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/63558d64-0cb9-43f3-8d18-6e4321dfd0c3","type":"text","family-id":"de28bf85-615b-4f74-a98b-2637caa0b1ef","title":"","id":"63558d64-0cb9-43f3-8d18-6e4321dfd0c3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"A new text was released for the Global Stocktake following the announcement of the ministerial pairing of Barbara Creecy of South Africa and Dan Jorgensen of Denmark. The paragraph on fossil fuels has seen changes in all options except the one on coal phaseout, leading to contentions between Parties in the negotiation room.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/7cde49bf-0005-4e1a-b42b-26b90347b21d","type":"text","family-id":"f61c80a9-474b-4505-b3c7-684e7f78abc0","title":"","id":"7cde49bf-0005-4e1a-b42b-26b90347b21d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Like Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) and Bolivia proposed bracketing the entire decision text, while the\u00A0European Union insisted on a clear definition of a cooperative approach. The discussions revolved around streamlining the text, focusing on essential elements and addressing priorities such as the adoption of the AEF, authorisation processes and sequencing.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/69aaa86a-cdca-45b4-b3a8-4dbb4acb47be","type":"text","family-id":"63adbacc-c881-4fc2-ab20-2407b26c94f0","title":"","id":"69aaa86a-cdca-45b4-b3a8-4dbb4acb47be","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Discussions on Article 6.4 saw diverse perspectives, including concerns about removals (Brazil), endorsement for adoption (US), emphasis on scaling up the market (Ukraine), rejection of carbon markets (Bolivia), and recommendations regarding buffers and reversals (India). The LMDCs expressed support for Bolivia\u2019s plea to bracket the entire text.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/9f844f18-d7cd-496e-8b2a-9bc811154d7d","type":"text","family-id":"e351f682-261c-4b33-aeb4-645ce54f6631","title":"","id":"9f844f18-d7cd-496e-8b2a-9bc811154d7d","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Countries discussed another iteration of the draft text on the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance on day nine of COP 28. The discussion mainly revolved around procedural options for the mode of work on NCQG in the coming year, given that the goal is to be decided at COP29.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/93c2e1ec-548d-4256-92b5-c23adfac1ba5","type":"text","family-id":"a77706eb-a04c-446f-9a3d-c8c49346af57","title":"","id":"93c2e1ec-548d-4256-92b5-c23adfac1ba5","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"There was consensus among countries on continuing work under the ad hoc work programme, with most suggesting the present co-chairs Fiona Gilbert (Director, Climate Finance and Adaptation at Australia\u2019s Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water) and Zaheer Fakir (senior advisor (negotiations) for the COP28 Presidency) to continue as the co-chairs.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/97b80ca3-6a2d-44dd-9610-3d62365e7a7f","type":"text","family-id":"9220a74a-0daf-4170-863d-76463ce776da","title":"","id":"97b80ca3-6a2d-44dd-9610-3d62365e7a7f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Discussions on how to best leverage the Technical Expert Dialogue process to make space for negotiations in 2024 were also undertaken. Among others, the text proposed the appointment of two high-level co-facilitators, one from a developing country and one from a developed country by the COP Presidency to advance political engagement next year. Countries are expected to negotiate on substantive elements including timeframes, structure, transparency arrangements and others over the next few days.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/037481ac-9060-43f1-8dea-ae9c565bc9f7","type":"text","family-id":"ca5e1b06-0b29-4a97-ac3d-02af8b6499f1","title":"","id":"037481ac-9060-43f1-8dea-ae9c565bc9f7","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"A side event was organised by King Abdallah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre (KAPSARC) and Instititute of Energy Economics (IEEJ), Japan on bridging the gap in financing of critical technologies in hard to abate sectors.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/f625f347-e23f-4382-8dad-7fa9dafad9c2","type":"text","family-id":"7d7cfd8f-1f73-42ad-9a36-6c50737cec44","title":"","id":"f625f347-e23f-4382-8dad-7fa9dafad9c2","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"The Japanese speaker from IIEJ mentioned about the various initiatives being taken the Japanese government towards industrial decarbonisation. The three areas of their intervention were Energy Efficiency, Hydrogen and Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS).
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/11a11f5a-c078-4e6f-902c-d1326e704c28","type":"text","family-id":"b4c06c5c-3e2b-49e3-86d8-46d3fe8305b7","title":"","id":"11a11f5a-c078-4e6f-902c-d1326e704c28","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"He also mentioned about the Asia Zero Emission Initiative as part of the vision of the Japanese Prime Minister with Southeast Asian countries and Australia. They also mentioned about a cross border Asia CCUS network they have established.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/e1cc1ed3-f51a-4198-b745-fdcb3b5decb3","type":"text","family-id":"07a25bd9-be8c-4f59-81cb-084c008735c2","title":"","id":"e1cc1ed3-f51a-4198-b745-fdcb3b5decb3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Fatih Yalmaz from KAPSARC put forward the investments happening in CCUS and Hydrogen across the globe and their potential increase in the coming years. He showed the 84 per cent CCUS projects and 97 per cent green hydrogen projects are still in the stage of early development currently.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/fa1ab72f-455e-45a6-9dbb-63a69c13c793","type":"text","family-id":"22d5f113-030e-4492-a5a9-84184b7b1633","title":"","id":"fa1ab72f-455e-45a6-9dbb-63a69c13c793","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"He mentioned the current funding is largely public finance in the form of government subsidies but it is not sustainable to use public finance for such gigantic needs. He also mentioned that there should be more cooperative approach between Global North and South and unilateral approaches like\u00A0Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) should be avoided.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/6129e639-8661-402b-9d61-65ca4f45c698","type":"text","family-id":"3574c8f6-20e5-40d2-aa9f-02c7b9ff46c0","title":"","id":"6129e639-8661-402b-9d61-65ca4f45c698","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"He also emphasised that\u00A0multilateral development banks can play a critical role in financing hard to abate sectors. Manish Kumar Srivastava from TERI highlighted the issue of Medium and Small Scale industries in the Global South and the scale of their challenge which is still out of discussions on industrial decarbonisation. He also highlighted that in India even the decarbonisation technology with technology readiness levels of 8 and 9 are unable to get finance. He mentioned the example of Dalmia Cement in India which announced a CCUS project back in 2019 but has not been able get financers on board.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/60d32b72-2389-4941-9754-1a459206dd39","type":"text","family-id":"1484fbff-695f-47b2-b0b5-5451c8944fc9","title":"","id":"60d32b72-2389-4941-9754-1a459206dd39","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"On the question of finance, Yalmaz highlighted the old and traditional way of investors thinking about an issue in attracting finance for industrial decarbonisation. A speaker from industry highlighted the pressure they face of giving their shareholders a rising dividend and how none of the shareholders ever want to see any dip in their divents or investments which constraints them at many levels.\u00A0
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/f6f18c16-2415-4e84-b05a-51693960f729","type":"text","family-id":"c3563a78-b746-46a7-b490-77169dd6cbdd","title":"","id":"f6f18c16-2415-4e84-b05a-51693960f729","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"At a side event on Trade and Fiscal Space: The Finance Question, Fadhel Kaboub, from the Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity said countries have no fiscal policy pace to deal with climate, health and education due to external debt.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/5647bbd2-b487-4a6d-b166-55ad7bde12b3","type":"text","family-id":"7726bd6b-2fcf-4047-b8c5-d91cc46cd80a","title":"","id":"5647bbd2-b487-4a6d-b166-55ad7bde12b3","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"This is a symptom of deeper structural issues such as energy, food and manufacturing deficits. He called for a different approach in development, which focuses on food sovereignty while moving away from food security. Kaboub highlighted the need for developing nations forming regional blocs to industrialise.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/b34b90bf-8d8b-4ca9-8c48-5c6177d6153f","type":"text","family-id":"9bf34ed8-9560-494b-ab43-ec0b5ba94f86","title":"","id":"b34b90bf-8d8b-4ca9-8c48-5c6177d6153f","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Avinash Persaud, special envoy to the Prime Minister of Barbados, noted that countries are being crippled by another deficit: safe assets. The system defines what are safe assets. There is no reason why developing countries cannot be producers and exporters of safe assets.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/62f75617-e9f2-40f0-9d9f-248d83428338","type":"text","family-id":"33969c7f-4f83-446d-af26-e27d8a0b24ce","title":"","id":"62f75617-e9f2-40f0-9d9f-248d83428338","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Cabinet of the Presidency, Brazil explained that there is an underrepresentation of developing countries in multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
"},{"description":"","page-url":"/story/6c7c1c71-6daa-4276-ae01-09433717908c/element/ed027d1b-1e2e-4317-b0c7-5725b973a330","type":"text","family-id":"5a89ce0d-4adc-4aaf-b520-28d600457261","title":"","id":"ed027d1b-1e2e-4317-b0c7-5725b973a330","metadata":null,"subtype":null,"text":"Peter Liese, Member of the European Parliament, noted in a press conference that the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and CBAM are key instruments to generate finances. He defended that CBAM, which could put emerging economies in the Global South at a disadvantage, will ensure that major emitters in the world will have the same climate ambition. \u201CIt is not to punish countries, but to motivate them,\u201D he said.\u00A0
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Calls for democratising climate action in a blog article
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-07/0.37116900_1694093109_0.jpg\")
A new automated weather station has been installed near the site to ensure that movements of heads of states and other delegates go on smoothly during the event
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-08/0.86450400_1694154715_g208923.jpg\")
The Indian Prime Minister says a G20 strategy has driven global debt restructuring since his country assumed leadership. That's not the full picture.
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-09/0.79794700_1694271420_g209923.jpg\")
India releases G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration stating developing countries would need $5.8-5.9 trillion up to 2030 to implement Nationally Determined contributions
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-09/0.15989900_1694272059_f5kyiidbeaaqhin.jpeg\")
Countries committed to “urgently accelerate our actions to address environmental crises and challenges, including climate change”
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-09/0.65968700_1694274076_gba.jpg\")
With multi-stakeholder support spanning 19 countries, the alliance aims to triple global sustainable biofuel production by 2030
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-11/0.97480700_1694407720_g201192023.jpg\")
Indian Presidency establishes Green Hydrogen Innovation Centre under International Solar Alliance
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-11/0.53525800_1694425951_g20.jpg\")
Less than half of G20 countries have net-zero laws in place
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-11/0.92416700_1694432179_g20-session-3.jpg\")
Most climate & energy targets mentioned were reiterations of goals laid out in other fora
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-09-14/0.07540800_1694695192_nitin-gadkari.png\")
Woefully inadequate in response to Global Stocktake Report and unlikely to keep temperature rise within 1.5°C
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2023-10-04/0.55640700_1696395551_p08-09illu-01.jpg\")
Carbon market has the potential to unlock billions of dollars for countries in the Global South. But is this voluntary carbon market working for people and the planet?
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/medium/2023-10-04/0.76072400_1696395601_p10-11illu-1_carbon_credits.jpg\")
India’s lucrative carbon market is worth over $1.2 billion. It will only grow as the crisis of climate change becomes more urgent and companies strive to attain net-zero emission goals
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/medium/2023-10-04/0.48033500_1696395630_p04-05illu-content.jpg\")
Voluntary carbon market is a sophisticated ecosystem. It involves a multitude of players to ensure that a carbon offset project delivers on its claims—that it avoids or removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. But in this cosy carbon club, conversations take place behind closed doors and no one wants to talk about the prices. It’s a world designed by developers, verifiers, validators and registries to make money
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/medium/2023-10-04/0.25594800_1696395646_p25illu-3_carbon_credits.jpg\")
1,451. That is the number of projects implemented across India to churn out the new-age essential commodity—carbon credits. Industries and businesses in the West are vying for these credits to clean up their emissions. Over the past months, Down To Earth and the Centre for Science and Environment travelled to 40 villages and towns to know how this market works and who are the people involved in the business. At all the locations, they found that communities, their land and labour, were central to the projects. But community members were almost never aware that they were working to generate carbon credits. Worse, none had the slightest idea that they had already relinquished their rights to carbon credits. The projects also raised fundamental concerns about the accounting practices of these transactions and the companies behind them
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![\"\"](\"https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/medium/2023-10-04/0.77802600_1696411436_p51illu-5_carbon_credits.jpg\")
Governments world over continue to issue regulations to rein in the voluntary carbon market, hold it accountable for its acts and ensure sharing of the proceeds with communities. But these steps may not work without international rules to regulate the market. In India, the voluntary market must be regulated and made to contribute to the country’s climate goals
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