Wah Taj! Really?

Wah Taj! Really?

It’s not the first time this happened and it won’t be the last: The Supreme Court blasted the Centre, Uttar Pradesh government and the Archaeological Survey of India for failing to preserve the Taj Mahal.

This was yesterday when the apex court got angry at them and said, "There is absolutely no willingness to protect the Taj Mahal. It has to be protected. Either we will shut it down or you demolish or restore it.”

Obviously this is not the first time the SC has lost its cool over the preservation of the iconic monument. Just two months ago, it had asked the Centre if the ASI was capable of looking after the Taj. On noticing that the monument, which had earlier turned yellow, was now going brownish and greenish in colour, the apex court said, “This situation would not have arisen if the ASI would have done its job. We are surprised with the way the ASI is defending itself. You (Centre) please consider if the ASI is needed there or not.”

Let’s back track a little and take a look at the factors that threaten the seventh wonder of the world, how authorities’ knee-jerk reaction to Taj Mahal’s discolouration affected petha-making units and a timeline of steps taken or planned to preserve the historic monument.

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Factors that inflict harm upon the monument

NATURAL CAUSES 

Mineral impurities present in the marble get oxidised and create brown stains. Rains also have a weathering effect on the marble and have been noticed to cause chipping and cracking. The iron dowels used to fix the marble slabs on the building get rusted and the rust flows down with rain, getting deposited on the marble.

TOURISTS 

The biggest threat to the Taj is the unregulated number of visitors, which on some days is over 50,000. Constant treading wears down the marble floors. Presence of visitors increases humidity inside the building and the grease from their palms causes deposition of grime on the walls. The greater threat is to the red sandstone used in the Mehman Khana and the mosque on either side of the Taj. Unlike marble which is hard, red sandstone is porous. The weathering of the Mehman Khana is very obvious.

AIR POLLUTION 

A recent Indo-US study found that dust and carbon-containing particles are settling on the Taj Mahal and causing discolouration. Earlier, the Mathura Refinery and small industries were seen as the cause for the "yellowing" of the monument, prompting the Supreme Court to order use of cleaner gas fuel by these units.

RECEDING, POLLUTED YAMUNA 

Media reports in 2011 suggested the receding Yamuna is weakening the sal wood (Shorea robusta) in the foundation of the Taj Mahal which needs constant moisture to prevent it from cracking. Taj's foundation, built of brick, watertight mortar and wood, is supported by circular wells dug in the river bank to give it stability. The low flow in the river and the high pollution are also major causes of concern. ASI, however, says it has no evidence that wood has been used in the foundation. 

TREE FELLING 

A large number of trees have been felled in Agra in recent years to build roads and other infrastructure. Agra lies in a semi-arid zone, near the desert state of Rajasthan, and experiences very hot summers when temperatures touch 49C. Hot dusty winds have an abrasive effect on the marble. Increasing green cover and water bodies is one way of curbing dust pollution.

RIVERFRONT PROJECT 

Taj Heritage Corridor-the riverfront project of former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mayawati-comprising food plazas and malls, planned between the Agra Fort and the Taj was shelved on Supreme Court's orders as it could have been a threat to the monument. Sand accumulated in the reclaimed river bed can erode the marble surface during sand storms, says ASI. The site is yet to be turned into a green belt as directed by the court.

ALSO LOOK AT THE MONUMENT OF LOVE IN PICTURES

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Petha makers discriminated against on basis of colour

People pay with jobs as government cracks down on petha-making units

Honeybees and tourists hovering in petha shops is a common sight across the bazaars of Agra. After Taj Mahal, Agra is famous for petha, candied ash gourd, sold dry, in syrup and other forms. But these juicy delights are now facing a threat. When a recent study pointed to dust and carbonaceous particles discolouring the marble veneer of the Taj, the authorities had a knee-jerk reaction. This has been happening since three years and the Taj still turned green and brown from its earlier shade yellow. They asked petha-making units within an area spread over 10,400 sq km around the Taj to either switch from using coal to LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) or shut shop, without ensuring proper alternatives.

Nearly 1,000 petha-making units exist in Taj Trapezium Zone, according to the data with the Agra Development Authority (ADA) for 2011-12, the last time it estimated the number. According to a December 2013 report by ADA, titled The Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan for Taj Trapezium Zone Area, the average wood consumption in each petha unit is five kg per day, whereas coal used is about four kg per hour. Thus, the total daily consumption of all the petha units is estimated to be 500 kg wood and 4.7 tonnes of coal, which emit nearly 7.5 tonnes of CO2 a day. This is equivalent to the CO2 emission by three diesel-run SUVs in a month.

The manufacturers have applied for an LPG line. “But we have been told that it will take eight months. How can we stop work for so long? We’ll lose all the trained workers,” says Shanu Yadav of Noori Darwaza Petha Union. “This will adversely affect the petha industry for a long period.”

Many workers have already lost their jobs. Shankar Lal, 46, had worked in the industry for 22 years. “I was earning Rs 9,000 a month till two months ago,” he says. Now Lal is working as a daily wage labourer in the fields of Khanda village, earning a maximum of Rs 2,000 a month. Over 800 people have been rendered jobless in the village, which is just 40 km from the Agra city.

Raju Yadav, 22, and his father Bachchu Singh, 52, were also rendered unemployed by the state government’s recent actions. They were working in a small petha unit at Noori Darwaza, the hub of petha making in the city. “We own two to three bigha of land (less than half a hectare). That is not sufficient for a family of six,” says Yadav. Singh had been making the popular sweet of Agra for three decades, having risen from being a helper to a kaarigar (chief). He does not know where to look for a job now. Lal, Yadav and Singh worked in small units that produced 400-500 kg pethas a day, usually employing 15 workers. When asked about loss of livelihood caused by the crackdown, ADA officials denied it and said they were merely following the 1996 judgement of the Supreme Court which barred burning coal in a 50 km radius of the 363-year-old building. 

Availability of LPG is not the only issue. “Making petha with LPG costs Rs 5-6 more per kg. It is an inexpensive sweet; a simple preparation costs Rs 40-50 per kg. Sales of those manufacturers who increased the price dipped,” says Yadav of the union.

Rehabilitation sham

ADA has a rehabilitation plan for the petha makers but that hardly addresses their problems. The civic authority has set up a Petha Nagari at Kalindi Vihar, some 18 km from the Taj Mahal. It has 156 plots, of which 92 have been sold, and 20-odd units have shifted there. “Even if all plots are taken, what will happen to the remaining 850 units?” asks Yadav.

Kalindi Vihar does not even have a gas connection, which was the primary reason petha manufacturers were asked to shift in the first place. “I shifted here five years ago after the government promised LPG pipeline. That has still not happened. I have to make petha at a high cost and pay extra for transport,” complains Pradeep Kumar, owner of Om Sai Petha Udyog. Their union has submitted memorandums to the state government for cheap fuel.

The site does not fulfil one primary need of petha-making—sweet water. The water in the area is salty. Pethas made in the area are not considered tasty. “We are working to bring quality water and LPG pipeline to Petha Nagari,” says an ADA official, requesting not to be named. 

Kumar says, “The Taj Mahal should be removed from Agra and taken elsewhere, so that people can live normal lives.”

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A timeline of court and state orders on Taj presevation

Supreme Court has been monitoring enforcement of its orders, but a lot more needs to be done    1973 | Proposal to set up a refinery at Mathura, 40 km from the Taj Mahal sparks debate over the danger it would pose to the Taj 1974 | Expert panel headed by S Varadarajan submits report saying emissions from refinery would be limited to one tonne/hour 1978 | Joint Parliamentary Committee headed by Karan Singh opposes Mathura refinery 1981 | Government closes 2 thermal power stations in Agra and replaces coal with diesel as the fuel in railway shunting yard 1981-82 | Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) demarcates Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) 1982-83 | Mathura refinery commissioned. In two years SO2 levels around the Taj Mahal spiral (it was noted at 859 kg/ hr in 1993) 1983 | Taj Mahal bags World Heritage Site tag. Centre declares Agra- Mathura region as air pollution protected area; prohibits setting up of polluting industries September 3, 1984 | SC issues notice on petition by M C Mehta, saying pollution from units in Agra and the adjacent town of Firozabad, and Mathura refinery is a threat January, 1993 | SC orders National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and UPPCB to help industries set up air pollution control devices January, 1993 | SC orders Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) to identify polluting industries in Agra; notices served to 511 units July, 1993 | NEERI says units using coal and coke as fuel are the major polluters; suggests changes in TTZ boundaries   August 27, 1993 | Closure order passed against 212 industries that failed to install air pollution control devices   October 1993 | NEERI submits report on SO2 emission control measures for Mathura refinery, recommends use of natural gas as fuel February 25, 1994 | SC examines NEERI recommendations on use of gas fuel in Mathura refinery and other units in TTZ (Mathura refinery's switchover to gas fuel completed in 2005) March 31, 1994 | Uttar Pradesh asked to submit list of units in TTZ for relocation.     August 8, 1994 | Court informed that gas pipeline for Mathura refinery would be completed by December 1996. (At present, 90-odd units run on gas and electricity in TTZ) April 29, 1994 | Considering 57,800 workers would be affected, SC orders setting up another panel to probe pollution sources; panel constituted under S Varadarajan April 1995 | Varadarajan panel submits report, recommends relocation of industries out of TTZ August 3, 1995 | SC orders the Centre and Uttar Pradesh government to prepare relocation scheme 1996 | World Monuments Fund publishes list of 100 most endangered sites, which includes the Taj     1996 | SC orders uninterrupted power to Agra; to expedite work on Gokul Barrage (completed in 2001) and Agra Barrage (yet to be constructed). Decides to monitor implementation of its orders February 20, 1996 | SC takes note that none of NEERI's recommendations had been enforced by the Centre March 3, 1996 | SC orders expediting construction of bypass road to check pollution from 14,000 trucks passing through the city (road functional at present) May 10, 1996 | All brick kilns ordered to stop operating within 20 km from the Taj (no bricks kilns operate in the area now)   December 30, 1996 | 292 units in Agra asked to shift to natural gas or apply for plots outside TTZ. Non-complying industries directed to be closed from April 30, 1997 March 24, 1998 | Polluting vehicles prohibited within 500 metre of the Taj Mahal September 4, 1998 | Court takes note of NEERI and CPCB report on sewerage system for Agra; no pumping station allowed within 500m of the Taj November 11, 1998 | SC asks Union environment ministry to release funds for green belt December 12, 1998 | All commercial activity in protected monuments in TTZ banned (no shop operates within the Taj premises at present) February 23, 1999 | Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approves schemes worth Rs 222.21 crore for projects to improve air, water and land in Agra  May 17, 1999 | TTZ Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority constituted to monitor schemes for protecting the Taj November 29, 2000 | Uttar Pradesh sanctions Rs 4.56 crore for Agra Heritage Fund November 7, 2000 | SC directs setting up four air quality monitoring stations in Agra. These become functional in 2002 at the Taj Mahal, Etmatud- daula, Rambagh and Nunhai November 3, 2000 | SC directs CPCB to lay down special air and noise pollution standards for TTZ. (Ecologically sensitive area standards are applicable in TTZ since 2009) December 14, 2000 | SC orders the Centre to release funds to ensure survival of 1,215,500 saplings planted by the Uttar Pradesh forest department for a green belt around the Taj at a cost of Rs 4.03 crore October 3, 2001 | Foundry owners asked to file undertaking to switch to gas-based technology by October 10, 2001, failing which they would close (187 close shop) April 11, 2002 | SC takes note of CPCB report, saying air quality has still not improved. UPPCB asked to ascertain reasons July 16, 2003 | SC orders CBI inquiry into Rs 175 crore Taj Heritage Corridor scam after diversion of the Yamuna river, to reclaim over 30 ha between Agra Fort and Taj Mahal for food plazas and shops, is noticed August 19, 2003 | SC orders crackdown on illegal mining in Mathura as it was said to be contributing to pollution December 2013 | NEERI prepares comprehensive environment management plan; says use of coal and biomass by units, and growth in vehicle numbers, behind the pollution June 2013 | Agra Development Authority orders petha units to switch to gas fuel or relocate away from the Taj. The process is going on January 2015 | All commercial vehicles operating around Taj ordered to shift to CNG by July 31 following an Indo- US study on the discolouration of the Taj March, 2015 | SC pulls up Uttar Pradesh for making false claims about planting trees to compensate for trees felled for development projects  November 2015 | Supreme Court ordered that the crematorium near the monument be shut down October 2017 | Observing that a parking lot near Taj could be an environmental hazard, the SC ordered to demolish it December 2017 | While observing the ad hoc measures are not enough, the apex court directed the UP government to prepare a comprehensive vision document to protect the 17th centure mausoleum. June 2018 | Union minister for culture and environment implemented the 'Taj Mahal Declaration to Beat Plastic Pollution' and made residents staying in 500-metre radius of the monument pledge to reduce use and litter of single-use plastic. Source: Supreme Court judgements and media reports