december 14, Bali, Indonesia: a much anticipated
un meet concludes. The meet was expected to work out a consensus to deal with climate change once the Kyoto
Protocol expires. It did come out with an action plan to give direction to a series of meetings over the next two years. And it's expected that these
meetings will finalize the post-Kyoto agreement. There are, however, no binding targets on developed countries to cut their greenhouse gas
emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. But there must be an agreement in place by 2009 to deal with the post-Kyoto
scenario. Binding targets for developed countries is one issue that threatens to stall such an agreement. And it was the most contentious matter at
the 12-day Bali meet that began on December 3. Organized by the un F ramework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc), the meet saw a cabal of developed countries, led by the us, objecting to a
sentence in the draft plan that called on "Parties included in the Annex I to the Convention [developed countries] to reduce emissions in a range of
25-40 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020".
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (ipcc's ) fourth assessment report had, earlier this year, recommended these targets to stabilize greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. The targets were also approved by an ad hoc working group of a climate change meet held in late August in Vienna, Austria. The meet
intended to set the agenda for Bali (See 'Change in the air', Down To Earth, September 30, 2007).
The reference to developed countries was removed. "This weakening of the text is
deplorable," said Martin Hiller of the wwf's Global Climate Change Programme. "However we are encouraged by the fact
that the 25-40 per cent cuts recommended by ipcc remain included in the so-called Kyoto track, the part of the
negotiations for countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol," he added
The issue of mitigation by different countries was also vexed
with the us and Canada calling for strong commitments from developing countries. The G-77 bloc of countries and
China objected to this, and instead emphasized commitments from developed countries. India favoured a paragraph on nationally appropriate
mitigation actions by developing countries, supported by technological and financial backing of developing countries. The inability to hammer out a
consensus meant that the meet extended beyond its scheduled closing date.
After an adjournment, the session reconvened with
the eu and several developing countries coming out in support of India's proposal. The us eventually accepted the proposed text, and the action plan was adopted by consensus. Rachmat Witoelar, unfccc president, was obviously relieved. "We have a roadmap now," he said bringing the negotiations to a close.
But many were disappointed. In a press release after the conference, Greenpeace said that even though the us had
joined the consensus, its intransigence had robbed the meet of significant gains. Stephanie Long, Climate Coordinator of the Friends of the Earth
International, was not sure if the Bali roadmap would offer any guidance.
The fund is to be initially administered by the Global Environment Facility, which
donor governments established 16 years ago to fund conservation projects. The World Bank is to act as its trustee, and a 16-member board, drawn
from rich and poor nations from the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, will oversee it.
Funding will come from a 2 per
cent levy on revenues generated by the clean development mechanism. When asked if the funds would suffice adaptation projects in developing
countries, Kapil Sibal, union minister of science and technology and earth sciences, who led the Indian delegation at the conference, said the funds
were definitely not enough. He, however, added, "In the next two years we hope to increase this [adaptation fund] amount, and at the same time
get additional funding through other processes."
There were also doubts whether there would indeed be a transfer of technology
for both mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Hiller believes that trends don't indicate that developing countries are keen on technology
transfer. "Many G-77 countries and China have stressed that they are unable to decrease their emissions without help from the rich countries. Real
technology transfer is, however, still a long way," he said.
Long of Friends of the Earth summed the summit's outcome: "We have a
long way to go to reach a post-Kyoto agreement by 2009)."
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