An ancient tribe that practices both settled and shifting cultivation

The Bonda, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group, mostly inhabits the Malkangiri district of Odisha, particularly its Khairapur block.

They are a Munda or Austroasiatic people and are known for their unique practice of shifting cultivation called dangar chas. They grow crops like paddy, millet, pulses, and vegetables.

Cultivation starts shortly after the first spell of monsoon rains in early May. Farming is done in small patches called podu, which is created by cutting and burning down its weeds and under growths.

After cultivation, the patches are left fallow for over three years to allow natural regeneration of tree cover and bushes.

The fallow cycle ensures that the patches are in different stages of natural vegetation, which supports several kinds of flora to bloom.

The tribe prepares the seedbeds by mixing ash, residues and stubble of vegetation. This enriches the soil and traps its moisture content.

However, the Bonda also practice settled agriculture like shown in the photo above. This mix of settled and shifting farming by them is unique.