On wrong wavelength

Come friday and the telephones at Gurgaon Ki Awaaz, a community radio station, will ring off the hook. The reason for the deluge of calls is that its most popular weekly programme Chahat Chowk is aired on Friday afternoons. And the one-and-a-half hours programme, which talks about reproductive and sexual health, is driven by queries raised by its listeners.

“We had started Chahat Chowk in 2010 with the plan of airing just 16 episodes, but we decided to continue with it because of the popularity. We receive queries throughout the week, and the number of phone calls from our listeners shoots to more than 50 on Fridays,” says station director Arti Jaiman.

Gurgaon Ki Awaaz is arguably one of the few community radio stations in the country with 22 hours of broadcast daily. Jaiman says the show has not only dispelled a lot of myths about pregnancy and contraception, but has been successful in reducing the stigma associated with such topics in the rural area of Mullahera.

But despite its popularity, Gurgaon Ki Awaaz, like most other stations in the country, is struggling to keep afloat because of government apathy, competition from commercial radio channels and lack of funds.

“For masses, community radio is ‘us’ as against the big media, which is ‘them’,” says Rajiv Tikoo, director, One World Foundation India, an organisation that has been helping communities set up radio stations.

The country’s experiment with community radio started after the Supreme Court in 1995 said radio waves belong to the people and that the government is a caretaker. Subsequent to the verdict, civil society pressured the government to grant licences to community radio.

But two decades later, the concept of community radio has not caught on. This despite the fact that almost all the governments at the Centre have promised to strengthen the medium which, they say, is “an integral component of the right to free speech and expression”.

On November 16, 2006, the United Progressive Alliance government at the Centre promised that there will be more than 4,000 community radio stations by 2010. But on July 1, 2014, only 170 stations were operational, according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).

Flawed focus

A year after the Supreme Court verdict, a parliamentary subcommittee headed by Ram Vilas Paswan formulated a working paper on national media policy in March 1996. The paper emphasised on the setting up of non-commercial broadcasting stations to be run by universities, educational institutions, panchayats, local bodies and state governments.

As a result, the first licences for community radio were given to educational institutions and government-run agriculture universities and not to local communities. In fact, the first station run by a community was launched as late as in 2008.

“By definition, community radio should be a non-state, non-market venture, owned and managed by the community. But in practice, most community radios (in the country) are being run by educational institutions and even religious trusts,” says Vinod Pavarala, UNESCO Chair on Community Media at University of Hyderabad.

As a result, of the 170 community radio stations in the country, 101 are run by educational institutes and universities, six by Krishi Vigyan Kendras and 63 by civil society organisations. “Currently, community radio stations in rural and remote areas are being run by NGOs… educational institutions mostly (run the radio stations) in urban and semi-urban areas,” says the 2014 TRAI report. (see ‘Out of range’)

This is a fundamental problem because the issues that are important to a community and an educational institution are different and as a result the content has to be different. According to a paper presented at the information and broadcasting (IB) ministry’s National Consultation on Community Radio in India in December 2010, two-thirds of the community radio stations operating in the country are run by institutions and as a result local participation in content generation largely remains missing.

Advantage commercial radio

India got its first commercial radio station in 1993. The government took another nine years to formulate the first guidelines for community radio. And the guidelines, released by IB ministry in 2002, were restrictive in nature. It said community radio stations cannot use transmitters that have capacities higher than 50 watts. At the same time, most commercial stations use transmitters with 3,000 watts capacities that reach a larger listener base.

While 50 watts transmitters work well in rural areas, they are grossly inefficient in urban spaces that have high-rise buildings and in places with hilly terrain. Radio Khushi discovered this a couple of years ago. In 2013, officials from the IB ministry visited the community radio station run by the Guru Nanak 5th Centenary School in Mussoorie because allegedly the programmes from the station could be tuned in from Ambala. This happened because the station’s tower is installed at a place on the mountains that obstructs the broadcast from reaching Mussoorie and Dehradun city but gets transmitted to the plains. This can be addressed if the tower uses a transmitter of higher capacity.

Low-wattage transmitters also fail to work in places where villages are separated by long distances. “One such example is Rann of Kutch where villages are separated by many kilometres. The government should make an exception because of the geographical difficulties and allow the use of higher-wattage transmitters,” says Pavarala.

Jaiman says 50W is also insufficient in urban places such as Gurgaon as the frequencies get blocked by concrete buildings. “Gurgaon Ki Awaz is not received in buildings that are more than 12 metres high,” says she.

Community radio operators also complain that the process of getting licences is time-consuming. This, they claim, favours commercial radio operators who have deep pockets and can wait. “It takes around five years to get a licence, while it should be issued in a month,” says Bijoy Patra of oneworld.net, which helps communities set up radio stations.

“One of the biggest reasons for the delay in issuing licences is lack of coordination between various ministries,” says Supriya Sahu, former joint secretary of the IB ministry. (See ‘Licensing process’)

According to government figures released in February 2015, the IB ministry has received 1,692 fresh applications and it has issued letter of intent to 409 of the applicants. Out of the 409, 218 have managed to get the Grant of Permission Agreement and are waiting for the licence. “While the IB ministry has been proactive in clearing licences, their counterpart (Ministry of Communications & IT) has been slow in allocating licences,” says Ram Bhatt, vice-president, Association Mondiale Des Radio diffuseursCommunautaires, a global association of community radio broadcasters.

Patra highlights another problem community radio station applicants face. He says following the 2G Telecom Spectrum scam, the Ministry of Telecom has started issuing an undertaking to all the radio operators, commercial and community, which states that spectrum allocations can be cancelled at any time in the future and that the ministry has no liability. “This acts as a deterrent for cash-strapped communities,” says he.

Low on budget

The one thing that is common to all community radio stations is that they are cash-strapped. A station with four hours of daily programming incurs a cost of a little less than Rs 3,000 a day (see ‘Average monthly cost’).

To improve the situation, TRAI in December 2004 allowed community radio stations to broadcast advertisements for five minutes every hour. The move has been of little help because the stations can only air advertisements and announcements relating to local events, local business and services and employment opportunities. The 2014 TRAI report admits that most community radio stations do not get adequate advertisements. It says one of the major reasons for the community radio’s inability to get local advertisements is the stipulation in the Directorate of Audio-Visual Publicity’s (DAVP’s) guidelines for empanelment of community radio stations which says “community radio stations will undertake in writing that DAVP approved rates accepted by them are their lowest rates and exclusive to DAVP and cannot be offered to any other agency. DAVP reserves the right to review empanelment rates if this condition is violated”.

The existing DAVP rate is Rs 4 per second which is rather high for advertisers in rural areas. This means the stations have to charge more than Rs 4 per second from other advertisers, which they say is not possible. The TRAI report recommends that the DAVP clause be relaxed. “I am finding it difficult to get sponsors sitting here in Gurgaon, which is in the middle of the industrial hub and close to the national capital. One can only imagine how the channels sustain themselves financially in remote areas,” says Jaiman. The problem does not end here. Most stations say getting the bills cleared from DAVP is a task in itself. “The payments are often not made on time, causing delays in paying the station staff,” says Jaiman.

In 2013, the IB ministry introduced a Rs 100-crore scheme called Supporting Community Radio Movement in India under the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) for providing financial support to community radio stations. Under the scheme, the ministry would grant financial support to community radio stations for purchasing equipment to the extent of 50 per cent of the total estimated expenditure, subject to a ceiling of Rs 7.50 lakh. The scheme plans to support 100 new community radio stations and 30 existing operational community radio stations each year. Under the scheme, a total of at least 650 grants are likely to be made over the 12th Plan period.

But Jaiman says most community radio stations will find it extremely difficult to even fund 50 per cent of the cost on their own.

`Simplify licensing systems for community radio'   VINOD PAVARALA has been advocating community right over radio waves. UNESCO's Community Media Chair at the University of Hyderabad, Pavarala tells Down To Earth what an ideal community radio station should be and how government can regulate it well   It has been more than 10 years since a policy for community radio was formulated. What are the new issues? If you look at the vastness and diversity of this country, 170 stations are hardly anything. You are looking at less than 20 stations in a year. I think we need to look at the reasons that are slowing down the medium. The first reason is the elaborate bureaucratic procedures that have been put in place for licensing. The government has to simplify the procedures and create a single-window system. The second issue that needs a re-look is the continued ban on broadcast of news. What is community radio without news? At present, a public interest litigation is under way on the issue and hopefully the Supreme Court will permit broadcast of news soon. The third issue is the policy saying that no content of political nature shall be broadcast. Of course, the policy does not define politics. But politics is increasingly becoming local. Recently, the government announced its plans to conduct a listenership survey. What are your thoughts on this? I have heard of the listenership survey idea that the government is floating. Its purpose is maybe to show the effectiveness and impact of community radio on other wings of government. But the survey will not help community radios get advertisement. Listenership surveys can give you some sense of what but often they cannot answer questions about the why. I think the why can be answered by qualitative research. Community radio stations by grassroots organisations often face financial hardships. Will the new Rs 100-crore scheme help? Financial sustainability is the new buzzword used at all community radio events these days. I know of NGOs who have large projects but their domain is primarily not community radio. Their domain might be sustainable agriculture, literacy or children's rights and they get funding for the domain. Now they are diverting a part of their funding to run community radio. I think this is a sustainable model and more organisations should look at it. This is important because the possibility of community radio surviving only on advertisements is unlikely. The government should ensure that the funds allocated under the Supporting Community Radio Movement in India scheme is administered independently so that it actually reaches the people. What would be the ideal model for a community radio station? The community radio stations that function really well are the ones that are rooted to a particular social or grassroots movement. They are based on peoples' rights, access to resources and are not just a part of NGO activity. Even if NGOs are getting licences, the content should not be "NGOised".

Ban on news

Ravi Negi of Radio Hemvalvani that is aired in Chamba of Uttarakhand says many lives could have been saved during the 2013 flash floods in the hills if his radio station was allowed to transmit news.

“The government had failed to forecast the magnitude of the rains. So, once the rains started, we could have forewarned the people in the remote areas and many of them could have travelled to safety,” says he.

Negi’s sentiments have been echoed time and again by different government-appointed committees as well. In 2000, the government appointed Amit Mitra, former chairperson of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, to look into the demand. His report said private radio should be allowed to broadcast news. In 2004, when TRAI was made the broadcast regulator, it recommended the government to allow news broadcast by radio channels.

Experts say the ban should be lifted because there is a thin line that separates issues discussed on community radio and current affairs. “News and current affairs are not defined. Many community radio stations feel vulnerable since anything they do could be defined as news and invite censure from government,” says Pavarala.

The government, however, maintains that news cannot be allowed on radio as it might be used for anti-national purposes. The level of mistrust in the minds of politicians can be gauged from the fact that till recently, not a single licence was issued in states affected by insurgency such as Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Northeastern states.

And while India is still struggling with the idea, neighbouring Nepal has successfully allowed broadcasting of news on private radio channels (see ‘Tune in to the world’).

In December 2013, Delhi-based non-profit Common Cause filed a public interest petition in the Supreme Court of India, contesting the ban on news by private and community radio stations. While the verdict is awaited, former Union IB minister Prakash Javadekar had hinted last year that the present government may allow private radio stations to broadcast All India Radio news without alteration.

No respite in sight

And at a time when the community radio needs government support, the Centre is interested in carrying out a listenership survey to understand the outreach of community radio. On February 27, the IB ministry finalised eight private agencies to gauge listenership of 108 community radio stations. “Through this study the ministry seeks to understand the effectiveness of community radio in providing tangible or intangible, direct or indirect benefits to the community,” says the ministry brochure that invited agencies to conduct the survey.

Experts are wary of the intent and say the real reason behind the survey is the government’s plan to discontinue community radio stations that have small listener base. This, they say, is being done because there is a shortage of frequencies.

Pavarala says the idea of gauging the efficiency of community radio stations by the number of listeners is bizarre. “The service provided by community radio should be evaluated in terms the social value it represents,” says he.

IB officials justify the move by saying that the survey will serve as TRP ratings and in the process help community radio stations attract more advertisements. “With the help of these surveys, we will be able to extend financing schemes to the community radio operators,” says a senior official of the IB ministry.

Pavarala says, “The pro forma given for the survey reflects a particular, narrow quantitative approach to research and is not tailored to the context of particular communities.” He adds that the attempt to gauge the outreach of the stations goes against the 1995 Supreme Court judgement.

Experts also say that instead of wasting time and money on the survey, the Centre should take simple steps to strengthen community radio in the country.

For starters, all operators unanimously say the process for granting licences needs to be streamlined. “Many of us who have worked on the field have been asking the government for a single window system,” says Pavarala.

Experts are also demanding reservation of frequencies for community radio stations to safeguard them from commercial radio stations. “The time has come for the government to think of a comprehensive spectrum allocation plan under which the government must reserve frequencies for community radio stations,” says Pinki Chandran, station manager of Bengaluru community radio station Radio Active.

And finally, the Centre needs to devise ways to better support community radio—both monetarily and otherwise. They say the government should carry out campaigns to sensitise people about community radio and organise special camps to impart technical knowledge to set up community radios. This is extremely important when one realises that almost all of the successful community radio stations in the country today are run by educational institutions and not by the community. “The content produced by the students in an institution will be vastly different from the content needed by a community,” says Pavarala. The government must, therefore, make a clear cut division in the classification of different kinds of community radio stations.

Union finance minister Arun Jaitely at an event last month said that his government is dedicated to strengthening community radio in the country. Experts say it is time the Centre underwent a paradigm shift to keep the radio within the reach of the community.

India's experiment with radio   The country got its first community-run radio station more than 60 years after Independence   October 1, 1885 | The British government enacts the Indian Telegraph Act. The Act is still used by the Centre to claim exclusive jurisdiction over wired and wireless communications in the country July 23, 1927 | The Indian State Broadcasting Service inaugurates the first regular radio service in Bombay. The 1.5 KW station had an effective range of 48 km June 1936 | Indian State Broadcasting Service renamed All India Radio (AIR) August-November, 1942 | During the Quit India Movement, freedom fighter Usha Mehta launches Congress Radio, an underground radio station in Bombay, to encourage the youth to participate in freedom struggle September 1949 | AIR starts Radio Farm Forum programme in seven stations January 1956 | AIR conducts Farm Radio Forums with the assistance of UNESCO in 150 villages across five districts in Maharashtra January 25, 1958 | AIR unsuccessfully uses folk media on radio to attract and educate local communities on social issues April 1964 | Indira Gandhi asks the then finance commissioner A K Chanda to prepare a report on broadcasting in India. In his report, Chanda says AIR should be made autonomous and its rural stations should be more participatory January 1965 | AIR makes rural service an integral component of all its stations. Farm and home units established in 10 AIR stations to provide technical support to farmers October 1967 | The Centre allows commercial advertising in the Bombay-Pune-Nagpur chain of Vividh Bharati stations July 1977 | First FM station comes up in Madras 1993 | First private FM station, Times FM, comes up in Indore, Ahmedabad and Delhi February 2, 1995 | Supreme Court says airwaves are public property and the government is only a regulator March 1996 | A Parliamentary committee suggests setting up of non-commercial broadcasting stations to be run by universities, educational institutions, panchayats, local bodies and state governments July 1999 | Ministry of Information and Broadcasting announces private companies registered in India will be allowed set up 101 FM stations in 40 cities 16 December 1999 | AIR Bhuj telecasts first community radio programme on the Kutch community. The thirty-minute programme, Kunjal Panchchi Kutchji, was produced by Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan in the Kutchi language July 17-20, 2000 | A UNESCO workshop in Andhra Pradesh urges the government to create a three-tier structure of broadcasting in India: state-owned radio, private commercial radio, and non-profit community radio. This is called the Pastapur Declaration January 2002 | Narrowcasting started at a local market in Budhikote village of Karnataka. The Namma Dhwani programme used to broadcast goods and crop prices. The programme also broadcasted social messages and birthday greetings December 2002 | Information and Broadcasting ministry releases the community radio guidelines that restrict community radio licenses to well-established educational institutions. It prohibits broadcasting of news and current affairs and advertisements. It allows a maximum of 50 watts transmitter 30 metres high antenna to broadcast community radios February 17, 2003 | A community radio station at Oravkal shut down by the government for violating the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and operating without a licence November 2003 | Amit Mitra (Radio Broadcast Policy) Committee Report recommends a revenue share model for Phase-II of FM licensing. Recommends news and current affairs for privately owned FM and community radio stations January 9, 2004 | Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) becomes broadcast regulator February 1, 2004 | Anna Community Radio becomes the first campus radio station in India. It is established under the 2002 community radio guidelines December 9, 2004 | TRAI recommends simpler criteria for community radio licence. It also suggests news and current affairs programmes be permitted on community radio. It suggests five minutes of advertisements to be permitted per hour of broadcast November 16, 2006 | The Union Cabinet approves the new community radio policy which opens up community radio to non-profit organisations. News not permitted, but advertising is allowed October 17, 2007 | Telecom minister asks private company Nomad to develop low-cost FM transmitters for community radio June 26, 2008 | First community radio wireless operating licence for a civil society organisation issued to Mann Vikas Samajik Sansthan in Satara, Maharashtra October 15, 2008 | Sangham Radio becomes the first community radio station in the country. The station in Pastapur, Andhra Pradesh broadcasts for about one-and-a-half hours at 7 am and runs a repeat broadcast in the evening November 4, 2009 | Directorate of Audio and Visual Publicity (DAVP) announces Rs 1 per second advertisement rate for community radio stations February 18, 2012: DAVP revises rates to Rs 4 2013: Supporting Community Radio Movement in India scheme launched to provide financial assistance to new and existing community radio stations