the number of people dying in urban India due to deteriorating air quality is rising every year and very little is being done to deal with pollution in Indian cities. A stupendous 51,779 people are estimated to have died prematurely in 36 Indian cities due to air pollution in 1995 as against 40,351 in 1991-92 -- a rise of 28 per cent over the three-four year period. Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur and Ahmedabad account for 10,647, 9,859, 7023, 3,639, 3,006 premature deaths respectively (see Table: The body count). This accounts for 66 per cent of total premature deaths in India. The number of air pollution-related ailments requiring medical treatment and hospital admissions have sky-rocketed to 25 million cases, indicating an increasingly ruined state of health in Indian cities. The estimate was 19 million in 1991-92.
In Calcutta and Delhi, cases of hospital admissions and sicknesses requiring medical treatment due to air pollution have almost doubled in a span of three years, crossing the five million mark in 1995 (see Table: Quick, but ill). Disturbing trends are also emerging in Kanpur, Chennai and Ahmedabad. The main culprit is suspended particulate matter (spm), dust and ash particles sometimes laden with toxic chemicals. The primary sources of spm are power plants, industrial units and auto emissions. spm levels in the above-mentioned cities are three to five times higher than the acceptable limit set by the World Health Organization (who). Dust particles less than 10 micron in diameter -- known as pm 10 and pm 2.5 -- can penetrate lungs easily and are detrimental to human health. pm 10 has been associated with both premature mortality (death from respiratory illness and cardiovascular diseases) and increased morbidity (high incidence of chronic obstructive lung diseases, especially bronchitis and upper and lower respiratory tract infections).
Evaluation of these premature deaths suggests that economic and health costs due to growing levels of spm range between Rs 1,747 and 7,252 crore. Similarly, estimates of the monetary losses due to sicknesses caused by high levels of spm is between Rs 107 to 213 crore.
In a 1995 report titled Valuing Environmental Costs In India: The Economy Wide Impact Of Environmental Degradation , World Bank (wb) staffers Carter Brandon and Kirsten Homman formulated a model to establish the relationship between air pollution and human mortality and morbidity. The model was subsequently used to assess environmental and health conditions in India. Using air quality data for 1991-92 provided by the Central Pollution Control Board (cpcb) from 290 monitoring stations in 92 Indian cities and towns, they found that air pollution results in 40,351 premature deaths in India. Calcutta, Mumbai and Delhi accounted for 5,726 (14 per cent), 4,477 (11 per cent), and 7,491 (19 per cent) respectively. Substituting the cpcb air quality data for 1991-92 by the corresponding 1995 data, the figure for number of premature deaths increased to 51,779, an alarming increase by all standards.
As a follow-up to our research, Down To Earth (DTE) reporters visited selected cities such as Delhi, Calcutta, Pune, Bhopal and Agra. While Delhi and Calcutta were chosen to represent two major cities where air pollution due to high levels of spm has increased from 1991-92 to 1995 and possibly continues to increase, the other three cities (Pune, Bhopal and Agra) were visited to uncover the reasons why pollution could have decreased during the same period as reported by the cpcb . These visits also provided an account of the present status of air pollution and gave us some indication of the emerging trends in pollution-related health problems. And the picture that emerges is not pleasant at all.
The body count Latest estimates of annual premature deaths in 36 Indian cities due to ambient SPM |
Quick, but ill Latest estimates of illnesses in 36 Indian cities due to ambient SPM |
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City | 1991-92 | 1995 | Increase/ decrease |
City | 1991-92 | 1995 |
Calcutta Delhi Mumbai Kanpur Ahmedabad Hyderabad Indore Agra Surat Chennai Patna Ludhiana Jaipur Varanasi Dhanbad Bhilai Bhopal Nagpur Faridabad Pune Jabalpur Jalandhar Dehradoon Kota Bangalore Jamshedpur Mysore Kochi Satna Kottayam Kozhikode Shimla Haldia Guwahati Shillong Tuticorin Total |
5,726 7,491 4,477 1,894 2,979 768 1,341 1,569 1,488 863 725 1,117 1,145 1,851 995 464 663 506 331 991 683 55 994 209 254 118 72 146 108 65 211 32 22 0 0 0 40,351 |
10,647 9,859 7,023 3,639 3,006 1,961 1,527 1,449 1,369 1,291 1,182 1,099 892 734 689 652 623 607 518 454 429 404 398 369 254 158 158 146 128 39 39 25 11 0 0 0 51,779 |
+ + + + + + + – – + + – – – – + – + + – – + – + * + + * + – – – – * * * + |
Calcutta Delhi Mumbai Kanpur Ahmedabad Hyderabad Indore Agra Surat Chennai Patna Ludhiana Jaipur Varanasi Dhanbad Bhilai Bhopal Nagpur Faridabad Pune Jabalpur Jalandhar Dehradoon Kota Bangalore Jamshedpur Mysore Kochi Satna Kottayam Kozhikode Shimla Haldia Guwahati Shillong Tuticorin Total |
29,29,035 39,48,923 25,53,537 8,03,729 11,77,925 4,10,818 5,62,227 6,65,772 5,88,295 4,54,694 3,19,244 5,71,619 5,17,462 7,85,413 4,38,432 1,94,497 2,77,854 2,88,571 1,77,047 5,65,372 2,86,208 27,939 4,21,665 94,345 1,35,905 51,778 38,791 84,919 45,127 37,420 1,22,245 18,161 11,142 0 0 0 1,90,98,127 |
54,46,225 51,97,018 40,05,538 15,44,377 11,88,445 10,48,714 6,40,275 6,14,979 5,41,445 6,80,241 5,20,640 5,62,155 4,03,060 3,11,660 3,03,799 2,73,494 2,61,205 3,46,279 2,76,925 2,59,181 1,79,729 2,04,977 1,68,928 1,66,622 1,35,905 69,409 69,409 84,919 53,482 22,369 22,766 14,062 5,659 0 0 0 2,56,45,721 |
*: Estimated number of premature deaths in 1995 was found to be same as that in 1991-92 |
Monetary losses - I Resulting from premature deaths due to ambient SPM (in Rs crore) |
Monetary losses - II From sicknesses requiring medical treatment due to ambient SPM (in Rs crore) |
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City | 1991-92 | 1995 | City | 1991-92 | 1995 |
Calcutta Delhi Mumbai Kanpur Ahmedabad Hyderabad Indore Agra Surat Chennai Patna Ludhiana Jaipur Varanasi Dhanbad Bhilai Bhopal Nagpur Faridabad Pune Jabalpur Jalandhar Dehradoon Kota Bangalore Jamshedpur Mysore Kochi Satna Kottayam Kozhikode Shimla Haldia Guwahati Shillong Tuticorin Total |
497.6 651.0 389.0 164.6 258.9 66.7 116.5 136.3 129.3 75.0 63.0 97.1 99.5 160.9 86.5 40.3 57.6 44.0 28.8 86.1 59.4 4.8 86.4 18.2 22.1 10.3 6.3 12.7 9.4 5.6 18.3 2.8 1.9 0 0 0 3506.6 |
925.2 856.7 610.3 316.3 261.2 170.4 132.7 126.4 119.0 112.2 102.7 95.5 77.5 63.9 59.9 56.7 54.2 52.8 45.0 39.5 37.3 35.1 34.6 32.1 22.1 13.7 13.7 12.7 11.1 3.4 3.4 2.2 1.0 0 0 0 4499.6 |
Agra Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhilai Bhopal Mumbai Calcutta Delhi Dehradoon Dhanbad Faridabad Guwahati Haldia Hyderabad Indore Jabalpur Jaipur Jalandhar Jamshedpur Kanpur Kochi Kota Kottayam Kozhikode Ludhiana Chennai Mysore Nagpur Patna Pune Satna Shillong Shimla Surat Tuticorin Varanasi Total |
4.1 7.3 0.8 1.2 1.7 15.9 18.3 24.6 2.6 2.7 1.1 0 0.1 2.6 3.5 1.8 3.2 0.2 0.3 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.8 3.6 2.8 0.2 1.8 2.0 3.5 0.3 0 0.1 3.7 0 4.9 122.2 |
3.8 7.4 0.8 1.7 1.6 25.0 33.9 32.4 1.1 1.9 1.8 0.1 0.03 6.5 4.0 1.1 2.5 1.3 0.4 9.6 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 7.2 3.6 0.4 2.2 3.2 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.1 3.4 0 2.0 159.8 |
Dirty power The status of the three thermal power plants in Delhi |
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Rajghat power plant |
Indraprastha power plant |
Badarpur power plant |
|
Managing authority |
Delhi Vidyut Board |
Delhi Vidyut Board |
NTPC |
Status of pollution control measures |
Low efficiency ESP in one unit and cyclone in other unit |
Low efficiency ESP |
Low efficiency ESP |
Upgradation in 1988-89 |
ESPs* not upgraded |
Upgraded | Upgraded |
SPM emissions till 1992 |
200 g/cum- 20,000 g/cum (prescribed norm 150 g/cum) |
Not known | Not known |
1992 | Closure order | ||
Present status of meeting the standards |
Doubtful | One out of 5 units not meeting the standards |
More or less |
NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation; *ESP, (electrostatic precipitator) and cyclone are pollution control devices; Source: Delhi Pollution Control Committee |