Revival plan for whom?

Revival plan for whom?

Karnataka's ambitious plan to restore the ecology of illegal mining-hit Ballari has no representation from affected communities and environmentalists
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The state exchequer lost Rs 16,085 crore because of illegal mining in Ballari, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts between 2005 and 2010

It was a mining scam of epic proportions that shook the political establishment of Karnataka, put a state Cabinet minister behind bars and forced the chief minister, Bharatiya Janata Party leader B S Yeddyurappa, to quit in 2011. Three years after the Ballari mining scam, the state government—on the insistence of the Supreme Court—has drawn the country’s largest ever cleanup act to restore the ecology and revive the livelihoods of the people of Ballari and neighbouring Chitradurga and Tumkur districts.

But the Rs 32,800-crore effort, titled Comprehensive Environment Plan for Mining Impacted Zone (CEPMIZ), has two fundamental flaws—it does not take the affected communities into confidence and the fund allocation is likely to benefit the industries more than the people.

CEPMIZ was formed as per the recommendations of the Supreme Court’s Central Empowered Committee (CEC), which was asked to probe illegal mining in Ballari in 2010. In its October 10, 2012, report, the panel recommended conditional resumption of mining in a majority of leases along with a plan for restoration of environment and livelihoods severely destroyed by mining.

The apex court accepted the recommendations while delivering its judgement on April 18, 2014. The state then set up Karnataka Mining Environment Restoration Corporation (KMERC) to plan and implement CEPMIZ. The corporation was notified on June 27 as a special purpose vehicle and will be operational till 2043-44.

But the corporation does not have a single representative from the communities in mining-affected districts. CEC recommendations also ask for involvement of ecology and environment experts in the body—a requirement that has been ignored.

Headed by additional chief secretary and development commissioner G Latha Krishna Rao, KMERC comprises bureaucrats and representatives of industry bodies: secretaries of mines, forests, public works, rural development and health, deputy commissioner of Ballari and a representative from the Federation of Indian Mineral Industries.

“KMERC consults only high-level officials. Communities directly affected by mining or civil society groups that have been working in the mining area are in the dark about the action plans,” says T M Shiva kumar, lawyer and president of a citizen welfare forum in Sandurtalukof Ballari. “We have strong apprehensions that this mega project will end up as yet another scam,” he adds.

“Though local bodies in Ballari are puppets of mining barons and corrupt politicians, this was a good opportunity to empower them. Instead, they have been ignored,” says T K Chandrasekhar, former faculty, Hampi University in Ballari.

Poor budget allocation

The project will be funded through the penalties for illegalities by the mines and through a portion of the sale proceeds of the stock of iron ore at the time of ban on mining in 2011, and auctioning of the mines cancelled by the Supreme Court. (See ‘Choosing industries over people?’.)

The CEC recommendations had put the illegal mines into three categories—A, B and C—on the basis of the extent of encroachment. There are 45 mines under category A that have either not encroached land at all or have encroached “very little”. Under category B, there are 72 mines that have encroached up to 10 per cent beyond the lease area through mining pits and up to 15 per cent by way of waste dumping. The Supreme Court said mining can be resumed in 108 leases under the two categories (excluding nine projects under category B out of which two were cancelled and seven were suspended) after the completion of reclamation and rehabilitation process.

Ramgarh village in Ballari lacks basic facilities such as safe drinking water, healthcare and upper primary school

Another 49 mines fall under category C that have encroached more land than category B mines did. The two cancelled category B mines and all category C mines will be auctioned again. The apex court has additionally asked leaseholders under B and C categories to pay penalties of Rs 5 crore for each hectare encroached for mining and Rs 1 crore for each hectare encroached for dumping waste.

In July 2011, when the mining was banned, 25.5 million tonnes of ore was available as stock for sale. They are being e-auctioned by a monitoring committee set up by the court. However, almost all the mines extracted more iron ore than what was permitted, and the Supreme Court had ordered that the amount of ore extracted by each mine should be assessed. This process is pending and as a result nobody knows the exact amount KMERC will receive.

Activists are also bitter about the way budget has been allocated to different sectors. CEPMIZ includes projects related to biodiversity conservation, afforestation, soil and water conservation, drinking water, healthcare, education among others. But, ironically, it also includes infrastructure development, construction of roads, railway sidings and covered conveyor belt systems for transportation of iron ore.

The transport and communication sector has been given more than 80 per cent of funds for the next three years while crucial sectors such as health, agriculture and environment have been sidelined. Sameer Shukla, deputy commissioner of Ballari district and director of KMERC, says all the plans are at the draft stage and will be placed before the board for approval.

The preparedness of the body is equally questionable, as it has not even bothered to carry out village-wise mapping to quantify the damage in monetary terms. “Without such mapping, how will officials know what each village needs?” asks A G Shrishaila, Ballari district secretary of Jan Sangram Parishat, a people’s group. This is unfortunate as many of the mining-affected villages are extremely backward. Ramgarh village in Sandur taluk, for instance, lacks basic facilities such as safe drinking water, healthcare and upper primary school. Residents of the area say they have to travel over 10 km on kuccha roads to reach the nearest town of Sandur.

When Down To Earth contacted Rajender Kumar Kataraia, managing director, KMERC over the phone, he asked for an email questionnaire to which he did not respond.

Gold rush

Activists allege that local politicians, miners and contractors are rushing to bag contracts for projects under CEPMIZ. “Non-governmental organisations supported by local politicians and miners are mushrooming,” says Shrishaila. She has a point. Data available from the sub-registrar’s office in Ballari reveals that 323 non-profits were registered last year. Since June this year up to November 14, more than 200 non-profits have been registered. Down To Earth could not verify the objective of these non-profits and also whether they are supported by miners and politicians.

Some of the newly floated non-profits are collecting money from farmers as membership with promises of providing irrigation facilities, crop loans and other financial benefits under various schemes of KMERC. “We have been told that if we want to get benefits, we have to become members of the new group. I have given Rs 1,200 as membership,” says Moolimannai Eranna, a farmer from Lakshmipur village, a mining-affected area in Sandur taluk. He has joined a group called Mahatma Gandhi Vividdhodesha Sahakara Sangha.

“I was told I would be made president of the group if I managed to get 100 more farmers to join,” says Maddani Ajjappa, another farmer from the same village. He says the group has more than 5,000 farmers as members. Eranna and activists of Jan Sangram Parishat allege this group is supported by E Tukaram, Sandur MLA, and Santosh Lad, a state Cabinet minister who had to quit in November last year after the role of his mining firm, V S Lad and Company, was exposed in illegal mining.

CEC member secretary M K Jiwrajka on February 19 forwarded a letter he received from M M Sivanandiah, promoter of the group, to the chief secretary of Karnataka. The letter recommends KMERC to allocate the reclamation and rehabilitation funds under CEPMIZ to the group.

Shukla says he is not aware that non-profits were mushrooming in Ballari. But considering the Karnataka government’s track record, activists such as S R Hiremath, who has been fighting illegal mining since 2009, say only an independent monitoring body with experts can salvage CEPMIZ.

Choosing industries over people?
 
Plan's budget allocation is skewed, with transport and communication receiving 80 per cent of the funds at the cost of crucial sectors such as healthcare, drinking water and education
 

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...And how they will be funded
 
  • 10 per cent of the sales proceeds from the old iron ore stock of the 45 category A mines which was available at the time of ban in 2011
  • 15 per cent of the sales proceeds of the old stock of the 72 category B mines
  • Entire sales proceeds of the iron ore stock of the 49 category C mines
  • Sale of old stocks of iron ore which were available at stockyards and steel companies
  • Compensation for illegalities, including encroachment, by category B and C mines
  • 10 per cent of the sales proceeds of the new iron ore stock of category A and B mines after resumption of mining
  • Amount available through auctioning of the category C mines and two of the cancelled category B mines
  • 50 per cent of the Forest Development Tax, which is estimated to be about Rs 6,000 crore in the next 30 years
Down To Earth
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