A village-based approach to wastewater management is ecologically sound and opens up a clear route to economic upliftment of the communities... one of the farmers
THE urban perception of wastewater management has essentially been that of pollution control. Conversely, rural communities in many of the poorer parts of the world recognise
municipal wastewater as a nutrient pool to be used in fisheries
and agriculture.
Taking into account the latter view, under the Ganga
Action Plan (GAP) in West Bengal, a number of low-cost
wastewater treatment and resource recovery projects are being
designed and implemented. These projects draw lessons from
the world's largest ensemble of fisheries and agriculture using
city wastewater (the East Calcutta wetlands). They also take a
unified approach by involving the local people, the village
panchayat and the implementing authority for setting up a
new agenda in wastewater conservation. In a small way, these
grass roots projects mark the beginning of a turn around.
There should be lessons for the future from here.
The projects are an outcome of one of the earliest efforts in
developing community-based technology for river sanitation.
Here, the conventional option in wastewater treatment has
been replaced by an ecological design-wise use of wetlands.
Wastewater is viewed as a recyclable resource which can
produce revenue by taking advantage of the nutrient- enriched
effluent to promote fisheries and agriculture. In this way, the
present project links wastewater treatment with the livelihood
of the local community, unlike the conventional sewage
treatment plant.
The design of the wetland system is based on a pragmatic
manipulation of the existing framework of policy and
regulatory controls. For example, in these projects, though the
pond areas are calculated on the basis of widely used
guidelines for designing stabilisation ponds (anaerobic, facultative and maturation), they improve the efficiency of the system by introducing fish in the admissible water areas. This is
because, firstly, the fish population acts as an ecological
manipulator by grazing on the algae, which would have otherwise caused algae bloom and secondly, fish production brings
adequate entrepreneurial incentive to operate the system
efficiently and productively.
Therefore, while the GAP, with its conventional treatment
plants has a dedicated objective of river sanitation, the present
approach, in addition to cleaning the river, draws in its fold
the task of enhancing food security and developing livelihood
for the rural poor surrounding the project site. Completion of
the wetland project will result in the supply of enriched irrigation water. In addition, pisciculture units already ich form a
part of the system.
ihere are many other benefits to implementing this project as opposed to the conventional method of treating wastewater. Firstly, this project is based on an environmentally
sound design. Wastewater ponds are basically solar reactors
and complete most of the biochemical reactions with the help
of solar energy. Therefore, consumption of conventional
energy is minimised.
Secondly, wetland projects are much more reliable and
have a much longer life-span than conventional sewage treatment facilities. The laiter are prone to damage and frequent
breakdowns, causing huge financial liabilities to the parent
municipal authority. Op the other hand, the wetland project is
a revenue earner. Since it is a non-structural option, the problem of damage and breakdown hardly arises and the system
can continue to work for any length of time without any major
disorder.
Thirdly, an outstanding feature of the wetland project is its
strong emphasis on th@ ideology of Agenda-21. Unlike conventional mechanieal, sewage treatment plants, the wetland
project, in accordance'with Agenda-21, ensures local participation and therefore decentralises management and
decision- making. After completion of the project local rural
authorities can be given the responsibility of the day-to-day
maintenance of the system.
And lastly, the wetland option is the least expensive. The
expenditure can be less than rupees three million per million
litres of wastewater per day. The major cost of the project is
the land, which should preferably be a low-lying area at the
fringe of the municipal boundary. These lands, which are
cheap and generally produce only one crop a year, provide a
source of enhanced steady income for the farmers.
For all of these reasons, municipalwaste water should predominantly be viewed as a resource instead of a pollutant.
Wastewater management should essentially be a task of conservation rather than pollution control, and the knowledge of
the village folk should get accommodated in the making of a
new subjective base.
Dhrubajyoti Ghosh is an environmentalist and currently works with the Calcutta Municipal Water and Sanitation Authority. He is also the coordinator of the West Bengal Environment Improvement Programme
We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together.
Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition.