Despite several high intensity earthquakes, India is yet to chalk out a seismic policy
INDIA is one of the most seismically active countries in the
world. The earthquake that hit Assam on June 12,1897, had a
magnitude of 8.7 on the Richter scale. Known as the Great
Assam Earthquake, it is still the highest-intensity tremor ever
recorded in the world. It was only more than 60 years later, in
May 1960, that the Chilean earthquake equalled its record.
In seismological lexicon, earthquakes of a magnitude of
8.0 and above are considered as destructive. India has experienced four such "destructive" tremors in the 20th century.
These are:
8.25 in Kangra on April 4,1905;
8.25 in Bihar on January 15, 1934;
8.1 in Andaman on June 26,1941; and
8.6 in Assam on August 15, 1950,
Besides, the country has experienced three seismic contingencies of moderate magnitude - 6.0 to 6.5 on the Richter
scale - during the last decade, namely:
6.5 in Bihar on August 20,1988;
6.5 in Uttarkashi on October 21, 1991; and
6.2 inLatur (Killari) on September 30,1993
The death toll in the Latur earthquake, about 10,000,
equalled the toll from the first two earthquakes put together.
India has more than 200 universities, several scientific lab
oratories under the umbrage of the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, the Defence Research and Development
Organisation and Department of Science and Technology, and
about a hundred-odd seismic observatories under the Indian
Meteorological Department. But, sadly, the country is yet to
formulate a seismic policy. The science and technology departments dealing with seismic events project a magnified image of
their institute. This unhealthy competition gives rise to contronoi stirre
versies regarding the magnitude of a seismic event, location of
its epicentre and measurement of certain parameters.
A seminar, conference or a workshop is held within a few
months of the event. This gives the researchers very little time
to present a detailed report. At such meetings, the administrative officials assure that funds will not be a problem for seismological research. However, the grants are rarely received in
hill and on time by the concerned institute. Post-seismic situations are highly complex. And every earthquake poses a different set of problems which the administrative officials find
hard to tackle. After the disastrous Latur earthquake, for
instance, the concerned authorities had to make arrangements
for truckloads of wood from Chandpur, about 300 kilometres
from Latur, to cremate the more than 10,000 bodies.
It is important for a highly seismic country like India to
make determined efforts in formulating a national policy and
to impart "earthquake education". For instance, the telephone
directory in California, a region prone to frequent earthquakes, details the dos and don'ts during an earthquake for the
benefit of the common man. Students need to be educated
about earthquakes. Administrative officials dealing with seismic events should undergo suitable training to handle the disaster. And decision-makers should be made conversant with
the problems of seismic contingencies. The Bureau of Indian
Standards' seismic code should be observed by all institutes
and authorities concerned.
There are several periodically active "seismic hot spots" in
the Himalaya. Besides, there are a few other locations in
peninsular India too. Formulation of a seismic policy would
help in hazard reduction and disaster management.
---Arun Bapat is former chief research officer, earthquake engineering
research division, Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune.
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