David Oxborough

Professor of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Physiology, Liverpool John Moores University

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David Oxborough

Female athletes who use IPEDs also have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death compared to non-users.

From bodybuilding to the local gym: How performance-enhancing drugs can damage the heart

David Oxborough

09 Feb 2026

4 min read

Down To Earth

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