What does development-engineered displacement mean for the other half?
THE Environmental Activists' Handbook edited by Gayatri
Singh, Keban Anklesharia and Colin Gonsalves carries the pic
an old fdic of a woman, named Sunderbai, on its cover.
coptim below reads - "Sunderbai, twice displaced by
0 Am project, eventually died of starvation on 21.1.93".
nor picture provoked many questions in my mind. Did
dn6ai die merely of old age and poverty? Or did the trauma
i(diiiplacement hasten her death? And, is the fact that she
a Asipleced woman of any significance?
Me oll of displacement due to developmental projects
is well kwwrL But is there a gender dimension to this as
dough women have been identified as a vulnerable
ip, thieve is very little documentation available on them.
qatstion that can well be asked is, since displacement is a
eastic experience for anyone undergoing it, is it any
asset for women?
Is ahmost all displacement analyses and policies on relocation
it has been assumed that the household or the 'family' is
asellear unit of convergent interests wherein the benefits
berden; of existing policies are shared by all its members,
Ih of aparse includes the women. However, while there is
small tegative effect on the poor, there is bound to be a
ar silinct on the women and the female children, This is
sea of intra-houschold inequalities that already exist in
ralsafthe literacy skills, health, nutrition etc.
MA disparities tend to get aggravated in times of economic
tic stress Involuntary displacement
R is definitely such a time. The
Ile examine the intra-household
isadow of specific strategies and
strategies, therefore, can
ke passed adequately without considering
the gender dimension. It
M lardworous, of course, to club
Male a homogenous category
digir experiences, even as
as. would differ with their caste,
sed etisnic background.
ww*Wment processes have gennerated
lwased social inequalities. What
a awe worrying is that gender is
is is suse form in all of them. In
we. the transition to modern
my bas meant the exclusion of
masong number of women from
r participation in the developement
ploceag; For them, it has meant
am than stagnation, increasing
,y. greater vulnerability and
sometimes even a decline of opportunities and status.
The key element of a just development policy is the provision for women to have access to productive resources and to
own and manage property. The right to own property is essentially a human rights issue. People who cannot own property
can be excluded from their homes and livelihood.
These factors are of crucial importance in the event of displacement because they determine who an'oustee'or'affected
person' is, thereby giving the person a right to compensation
and rehabilitation. It is therefore not surprising that the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 - the main law of acquisition - reveals
a gender bias. Section 42(2) of this Act specifies that if
the'person interested' is riot available to receive the notice for
acquisition, then it may be handed over to, or served on, any other
adult male member of the family who resides with herthim. If
no 'adult male' is present, then the notice may be served by
affixing a copy of the notice on the outer door of the house, or
in sonic conspicuous place in the office of the collector or
court house etc.
To put it plainly, if the notice is served on a woman, it
is not legal. The Act does not mention what is to be done if
the 'person interested' is a woman, or one of the 'person
interested' is a woman, in case of joint ownership.
Sanitation is another major problem faced by displaced
women. But since this is an issue peculiar to the opposite sex,
it seldom draws any attention. Not only does this make the
lives of the women physically uncomfortable, but also makes
them more vulnerable to physical and sexual harassment.
Besides, social evils like alcoholism,
;s" prostitution and gambling are a defi
nite fallout of displacement. This has a
direct bearing on the lives and status of
the women and heighten the violence
inflicted on them.
Given this backdrop, would it be
totally out of context to ask whether
Sunderbai was more vulnerable
because she was a displaced woman?
What we have discussed so far may
only be some examples, but they definitely
nitely suggest that the gender aspect
needs further examination. While
these differences may not be important
in themselves, they are significant
for policy alternatives and strategies,
especially in a situation where displacement seems to be becoming an
increasingly repetitious phenomenon
and the government is planning and
formulating a National Rehabilitation
Policy.
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