Infinitesimally small tubes made of carbon can now help create microscopic electronic devices
NANOSCALE materials are not only one of
the most interesting areas of research
but also have potentially far-reaching
applications in areas like electronics.
The ultimate goal of miniaturisation is
to fabricate devices that are made of
a single molecule of the material.
Unbelievable as it may sound, recent
work by two groups has shown that the
goal is not as utopian as it may seem.
M Bockrath and his team at
Berkeley, California, us, and Sander
Tans and co-workers at the Delft
University of Technology, the Nether
lands, have recently shown that it is pos
sible to fabricate and study single molecule devices bas6d on carbon nanotubes (Nature, Vol 386, No 6624). Ordinary
transistors, based on semiconducting
materials like silicon, are usually about
one micrometre in size (one micrometre is one-millionth of a metre). The
newly developed nanometre-size (one-
thousandth of a micrometre) transistors
would increase the device density in
integrated circuits many-fold.
But fabricating these molecular
devices until now has been a formidable
task. The first hurdle has been that
almost all long molecules are electrically
non-conducting. This makes it impossible to build electronic devices with
known molecules. This problem was
solved with the advent of carbon nanotubes. These are made of a new
form of carbon called c-60. These tubes
are about a nanometre in diameter and
conduct electricity.
The second problem was more technological in that, until recently, it was
difficult to envisage connecting wires to
a single molecule. But now, with
advances in deposition technology, this
is possible.
First, electron beam lithography is
used to deposit metallic strips on to a
substrate. On top of these, carbon nanotubes are laid in a random fashion. With
the help of extremely powerful microscopes called atomic force microscopes,
the sample is inspected and those areas
picked out where only one nanotube is
connecting two metallic strips. Thus,
what we have is a transistor made of two
metallic strips and a carbon nanotube,
the latter consisting of a single molecule
with a typical size of a few tenths of a
nanometre.
The small size and single-molecule
nature of the device also leads to it
having characteristics radically different
from those of ordinary transistors. The
microscopic size of the device means
that the behaviour of the electrons in it
is completely governed by quantum
mechanics, unlike in standard silicon
devices. What is more, unlike quantum
dots - nanoscale devices that show
similar characteristics but need extremely low temperatures to operate -
these carbon-based transistors can
operate at room temperature.
Although the integration of these
devices into nanoelectronic circuits is
still a long way off, their unusual characteristics make them the favourites of scientists as a research tool to understand the properties of matter. These
technological advances may lead to a
revolution in the field of electronics,
which may rival the microelectronics
revolution.
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